What Gets Measured Gets Managed in the Fire Service

In the fire service, this principle emphasizes that by tracking and evaluating specific metrics, departments can improve performance, increase safety, allocate resources efficiently, and enhance community service. But it also comes with the caveat: measure the wrong thing, and you may manage the wrong priorities.

Speaking of measurements, let's briefly discuss NFPA 1710 and its impact on setting benchmarks for response times. NFPA 1710 is a standard developed by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) that sets performance benchmarks for response times in career fire departments. It defines specific timeframes for each phase of emergency response—from the initial call receipt to the stabilization of the incident. The main objective of the standard is to promote effective and timely emergency response to protect public safety, providing clear guidelines on staffing levels and operational timelines.

Factors that may affect response time are geographic layout, traffic conditions, staffing levels, equipment readiness and call volume.

The 2020 edition of NFPA 1710 introduced key updates to reflect the evolving demands on modern fire departments. One major change was an increased emphasis on emergency medical services (EMS), acknowledging the growing number of medical calls. The standard now requires EMS units to arrive within 8 minutes, 90% of the time, underscoring the critical need for timely medical response.

Another significant revision includes detailed response benchmarks based on occupancy types—such as high-rise buildings, single-family homes, and open-air strip malls—ensuring departments tailor resource deployment to specific incident scenarios with greater scalability and adaptability.

The updated standard also expanded crew size recommendations, particularly for high-risk or complex incidents, to improve firefighter safety and operational efficiency. In addition, it addressed emerging technologies, encouraging the adoption of tools like digital communication systems and real-time tracking to enhance coordination and situational awareness.

Overall, the 2020 updates strengthen NFPA 1710 as a comprehensive, modern framework designed to support effective emergency response and meet public safety expectations.

Below are key areas not specifically impacted by NFPA 1710 but areas of management that departments can identify to improve performance, increase safety, allocate resources efficiently, and enhance community service.

Response Times

Measured: Time from dispatch to arrival on scene.

Managed: Departments may adjust station locations, shift staffing, or invest in traffic preemption systems to reduce response times.

Example: A department notices longer response times in a growing suburban area. By tracking this consistently, leadership advocates for a new station in that zone to improve coverage.

Call Processing Time: No more than 64 seconds, 95% of the time.

Turnout Time: Firefighters should be suited and in their apparatus within 80 seconds for fire responses and 60 seconds for EMS calls.

Travel Time: First responders should arrive on the scene within 240 seconds (4 minutes) for fire suppression and EMS incidents, 90% of the time.

Call Volume by Type and Location

Measured: Number of EMS, fire, hazmat, and false alarm calls per area.

Managed: Resources (staffing, apparatus, training) are tailored to meet actual demand.

Example: If 80% of calls are EMS-related, the department may prioritize EMT training and consider deploying smaller, faster response vehicles for medical calls.

Firefighter Injuries and Near Misses

Measured: Frequency, type, and causes of injuries or close calls.

Managed: Safety protocols, PPE standards, and training are improved based on trends.

Example: A spike in ladder-related injuries leads to updated SOPs and targeted training sessions.

Training Hours and Competency

Measured: Training hours completed per firefighter, and performance on practical assessments.

Managed: Ensures compliance with standards (e.g., NFPA), identifies gaps, and supports skill development.

Example: If quarterly evaluations show low performance in RIT (Rapid Intervention Team) drills, the department schedules additional hands-on and classroom training to assist in improving RIT performance.

Fire Prevention Activities

Measured: Number of inspections, public education sessions, or code violations found.

Managed: Prevention programs and staffing are adjusted to reduce fire risk.

Example: Data shows increased violations in commercial kitchens, prompting a targeted inspection blitz and education campaign.

Community Risk Reduction (CRR)

Measured: Data on fire incidents, demographics, and high-risk properties.

Managed: Outreach and mitigation strategies are focused on vulnerable populations or high-risk buildings.

Example: Elderly residents in a mobile home park experience frequent cooking fires. The department installs stovetop fire suppressors and offers safety classes.

The Caution: Measure What Matters

If a department only measures response time, it might push crews to speed at the cost of safety. If it only tracks number of calls, it may ignore quality of service or fire prevention success. That’s why contextual, balanced measurement is key.

In the fire service, measuring the right things leads to better management—more effective responses, safer firefighters, better-trained personnel, and stronger community outcomes. But success depends not just on measuring, but on measuring what truly matters to mission effectiveness and public safety.

Until next time - work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

Understanding Flow Path for Engine and Truck Company Operations

Understanding the flow path is crucial for safe and effective fireground decision-making and firefighting during a fire. Firefighters need to understand how and when to alter the flow path in order to perform a safer and more effective fire attack. Furthermore, in order to protect and save lives, it is imperative firefighters understand how to proper size-up the flow path and how it works.

In order to do this, firefighters and fire officers must size-up the structure upon arrival and have a solid understanding of our main firefighting objectives - RECEO_VS (rescue, exposure, confinement, extinguish, overhaul, ventilation and salvage). From this, understanding the building construction along with a solid understanding and working knowledge of fire behavior and reading smoke will allow firefighters to effectively build sound fire ground tactics for fire attack/suppression and search & rescue - both of which are critical to understanding flow path. All of this has been outlined and detailed in my book, "The 5-Tool Firefighter"

To stat this off, what is flow path?

Flow path is the movement of heat, smoke and air from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas inside and outside of a building. When fire starts, it releases heat which increases the pressure near the fire. Since the pressure is mostly nearest to the seat of the fire causing a pressure difference in the atmosphere, the heated gases move upward and outward.

Here is a few examples of flow path:

If the fire is above with no opening for smoke and heat to escape, it will eventually bank down below the floor. When opening the door, the smoke will clear out.

If the fire is below you, the smoke is filling the house at entry level and above. When opening the door, smoke will begin to escape and thin out.

If the fire is on the same floor and there is no exit for smoke, you will end up with a bilateral flow. Smoke will then exit the upper half of the door and clean air will be pulled through the bottom half.

Definition: bilateral flow is smoke and heat moving out of a building through a single ventilation point, with fresh air being drawn in from the bottom.

Engine Companies

As we continually say, "as the line goes, the fire goes" and this is 100% factual when discussing flow path and determining the appropriate line size for the initial fire attack. This is also just as important as to determine the appropriate entry point for the initial attack crew. Even though the initial attack crew, just like the initial search crew, must be quick paced, there are various questions that this crew especially the engine company officer needs to keep in mind.

• Reading smoke. What is the smoke telling me about the conditions in the room?

• Location. From out entry point, how far are we in the structure to the seat of the fire?

• Neutral plane. Where is the neutral plane?

Engine companies must understand the science behind the fire to adequately work within the flow path but should also remain aggressive in the approach to fire suppression.

Truck Companies

Performing the initial search at any fire is like taking one step forward and two steps back. It is quick, aggressive and highly dangerous. However, it is a critical first step to protecting and saving life. Here are a few things to keep in mind when operating in this capacity.

• Where is the last known location or best possible location of the victim in this structure?

• From that location, what is the best route of travel to locating and extricating that victim (quickest route)?

• What if there is no hoseline in place?

Unfortunately, there are times when search crews may need to operate without a hoseline in place or being put into place based on the situation at hand, arrival times and the list goes on. In order to do this, search crews must understand how to operate within the flow path, isolate the search room based on the building and what the smoke and fire are telling you. Without this understanding, the success of the assignment is slim.

To understand all of this takes time, practice and hours of dedication to your craft. Each incident is different no matter how many times you respond to a fire, each fire will behave differently from the others. Fire officers and firefighter must take the time to understand what the incident is telling you and be ready with proactive decision-making in order to respond ahead of the curve and operate safe and efficiently within the parameters of the incident.

Until next time, work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

Are You an Asset or a Liability?

There are a few questions many of us as ourselves as we advance in our careers and go through life when leading or directing others:

- Am I an asset or liability to the team?

- As a leader, am I giving more than I am taking or am I taking too much?

- Is this role for me?

Each time we step into the firehouse we have a choice. The choice we have is how we are going to show up for ourselves, our crew, our department and our community. Surely, that is a lot of groups we have to show up for but the choice to do so lies within our own self.

So, what is the choice?

The choice is simple, we can be the pillar of strength and positivity that leads the team to serve to the best possible potential or it can be the pillar of negativity and defeat that merely goes with the flow just to get through the shift. Either way, that choice of which pillar you take lies solely with you. Ask yourself, what do you as a leader of today's fire service bring to the table? Am I showing up with the energy to positively impact and motivate the room or am I showing up with the energy that drains the room of all potential and drive?

If you're adding impact and motivating the room, you are an asset. If you're draining the room of potential and drive, you are a liability. I get it, we'll never be 100% energized all the time and will naturally have off days. It's common and part of the ebbs and flows of life. However, the long-term goal is what we need to strive for. The impact to leave on others when your time comes to hang it up, is to strive to be the asset and not the liability.

To be the asset or in order words, to be the firefighter you always wanted to look up to is this. Be consistent in your actions. Mentor, train and guide fellow firefighters when the time presents itself and show them you care. Lead by example with everything you do. From cleaning the station, to on-shift training, be the one who steps up and makes it happen without ever making a show out of it. This matters most even when no one is watching.

Think about your mood and the mood you're bringing to the station, to the kitchen table and onto the fire ground. That mood is contagious. Are you prioritizing your health before shift through proper sleep, hydration and recovery the night before? How you take care of your body and mind plays into how your mood and energy show up at the firehouse.

Lastly, encourage those around you, support them and position yourself to be the cornerstone of the team. So go out there continue training hard and striving to become the best version of yourself you could possibly be.

Until next time, work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

Tips for Apparatus Driver Safety

According to the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) Firefighter Fatality Reports, many firefighters and other emergency responders have died in the line of duty due to vehicle crashes involving emergency service vehicles while responding to and returning from incidents.

In order to effectively serve the communities, we are charged to protect, it is first necessary to ensure firefighters and other first responders’ arrival safely to the incident. As we've been training since day 1 of our fire service career, safety should be the high emphasis for all we do and particularly on vehicle operations safety. Whether it be in department apparatus or privately owned vehicles (POV) - within the scope of your respectively departments duties and responsibilities - all firefighters are expected to comply with all applicable traffic laws, as well as departmental safety policies and procedures (SOPs) at all times.

In the same manner as a fire scene, responsibilities for safety lie amongst all firefighters in the apparatus and not solely on the officer or driver.

Here are a few tips you should follow for safe driving of an apparatus when responding to and from all incidents.

Driver: Outside of firefighting operations once on scene, whether it be pump operations or aerial operations, the drivers first primary function is to safely transport firefighters and equipment to the scene while complying with all traffic laws, as well as department policies and SOPs.

• Ensure you have been trained to properly operate the apparatus you are in-charge of driving. Refer to NFPA 1002, Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications and NFPA 1451, Standard for a Fire Service Vehicle Operations Training Program for more.

• Prior to moving the vehicle from the bay or streets, ensure all firefighters are safely inside the apparatus and wearing their seat belts. If you're apparatus have the seat sensors, do not leave until the alarm turns off and all firefighters are buckled up in their seat.

• Never assume another vehicle can hear or see you.

• Slower is safer especially during poor road conditions or poor visibility.

• Always stop at intersections. It is only after coming to a complete stop before driving through any intersection or railroad crossing, even if you have the right of way. Again, never assume.

• When approaching an unguarded railroad crossing, it is best practice to stop, look and listen for an oncoming train. Never stop or park across railroad crossings.

• Prior to any firefighters exit the apparatus, ensure the vehicle is completely stopped and the air brake has been engaged.

• Always used a spotter when backing up even in perfect conditions and well-lit areas. Again, never assume anyone will see you or you will see them.

• If you're tired or under medication that limits your ability to drive, do not operate the apparatus.

Officer: The officer in the front right seat (officer-in-charge) is responsible for supervising the driver and firefighter assigned to the apparatus. This includes complying with and obeying all traffic laws, department policies and SOPs. It is also the responsibility of this seat to assist in radio operations and direction navigation while the driver's main focus is to safely operate the vehicle.

Backseat Firefighters: While riding in a fire department vehicle all firefighters riding in the back are required by law to comply with all safety policies and procedures.

These are just some tips for all firefighters and fire officers to be aware of when operating behind the wheel of their apparatus. Take these into consideration any time you are in your department vehicles.

Until next time, work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

Better Physical Results on the Fire Ground - Engage in Deep Squats

Many tend to relate the lack of squatting as part of aging however squatting is a fundamental human pattern of movement. So much so it is an effortless movement done as babies enabling us to explore. Yet, as we grow older and "adapt" (key word here) to the lifestyles and modern day advancements around us as well as the lack of mobility work, many of us lose our ability to naturally perform this move not simply because of age.

Here is the sad truth, by enabling yourself to lose or lack to ability to perform a fundamental human pattern of movement you were born with, you are also limiting your ability to perform in many areas on the fire ground.

Diving into the depths of a full range (deep squat) offers many benefits to our performance as firefighters and is not just considered a leg exercise.

Here's a few things to consider as to why full range squat are vital for optimal performance on the fire ground.

• As firefighters, we functionally move around on the fire ground. We pick up heavy tools (ie. saws, extrication equipment, etc.), maneuver through heat and smoke filled environments oftentimes in a low crouched or crawling position and climb ladders pivoting into and out of windows and on and off roofs. Deep squats provide functional mobility that allows us to engage a wider range of muscles and joints further firing up our hips, knees, ankles and core to enhance overall mobility and joint stability. By maintaining our natural ability to deep squat we are increasing our ability and preserving our functional ability and reducing our risk of injury as we age.

• We need full body strength as firefighters. Squatting below parallel (butt is parallel with the floor) will engage various major muscle groups like the quads, hamstrings, glutes and lower back, making it a highly effect compound exercise. By engaging in these major muscle groups it leads to significant strength gains and muscle development. Deep squats have also been known to activate muscle fibers more comprehensively, cultivating improved muscle growth and strength adaptation over time. For firefighters, this helps especially with advancing hose lines and climbing ladders. Because the deep squat strengthens the lower back it is also improving explosive power and agility in the lower part of the body for better strength and mobility in advancing hose and climbing ladders.

• Healthy joint function and stability leads to a reduced risk of injury. Why? The deep squats help to strengthen the ligaments and tendons surrounding the knees and hips. By doing so, it provides greater support and resilience against strains and sprains. As per the NFPA report on United States Firefighter Injuries in 2022, 36% of all reported fireground were strain, sprain and muscular pain and 43% of all reported injuries bv firefighters. Even more important to take this into consideration and protect your joints. Further, regular practice in deep squats is important in preserving joint integrity and reducing the risk of conditions like osteoarthritis therefore allowing us to live a healthy and active lifestyle during and after our time as a firefighter.

As I've said in the past and on my podcast, we must condition our bodies for the long haul of the job and move importantly to the years after we decide to hang it up. Enjoy life the way it is meant to be lived.

Until next time, work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

The After Action Review: Post-Incident Size-Up

The size-up is for all intents and purposes, our game plan or battle plan, if you will, against the structure we are working at. The size-up is where firefighters and fire officers gather information in order to make safe, efficient, and effective fire ground decisions. Fire ground decision making, as we know, is meant to be quick, but with an emphasis on safety and ensuring the tactics are done efficiently and effectively.

One aspect we do not stress enough is the fact we do not consider the culmination of the incident. After fire command is terminated and all units are back in quarters and in service. We must remember the pre-planning is not over just because we cleared the incident and everyone is back in the station and safe. This is where the add-value work is put into place and now it is time for the after-action review or post-incident size-up.

During the after-action review (AAR), firefighters and fire officers can discuss and share information obtained from the alarm and also discuss the success and failures they have experienced during the alarm. This is a time to ask a few question:

• What did we expect to happen?

• What actually occurred?

• What went well and why?

• What can we improve upon and how?

The benefit of asking these questions allow for strengths to be easily identifiable making it easier to uncover areas of weakness. By uncovering areas of weakness, you can develop ways to improve them! If you do not identify what went wrong, how could you ever expect to improve? On the contrary, if you do not understand what went right and why, duplicating that same success in the future will not be easy. Ensure necessary changes discussed in the AAR are implemented sooner than later as the longer it is on hold, the greater the likelihood of any changes being implemented diminish.

The size-up as a whole is a valuable step by step process for all firefighters, to obtain knowledge of their response district, riding assignments, and strategy and tactic implementation. By beginning this process formally or informally early on, it will allow for continual growth for each firefighter and fire officer. The key to success as an individual and team is to get ahead of the game and prevent ourselves from being reactive, rather proactive.

Until next time, work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

Attacking and Defeating the Hockey Puck Lock

Being a firefighter, we have various challenged consistently thrown at us and as such it is our job to defeat and overcome them.

As businesses and homeowners look to ramp up their security systems with more cameras around the perimeters and such, it is very common for high security locks to be added to various entrance points of the structure. The mindset is to make the structure as different as possible for criminals to enter and this trickles into making it more difficult for firefighters to make entry should an emergency arise that we need to get to.

When we think about gaining entry to a structure, we know it is something we must train on and something we must be proficient in. So, challenge accepted. Since as firefighters, there is no challenge we cannot overcome - or at least think we cannot overcome. The kitchen table is where we solve all the world's problems.

The challenge of this article is to list out various methods of forcible entry in defeating The American 2000 lock also known as "The Hockey Puck Lock".

This lock is found is a variety of places and sometimes may show up when you least expect it. Typically found on roll up doors on commercial occupancies, these locks can also be found on commercial garage doors, basement doors (Bilco doors) and box trucks.

Due to its round shape, this lock puts the keyway and pin & shackle within the body of the lock itself. By this design, it is created to cause difficulties for criminals to cut the shackle and gain entry.

Here are a few ways to attack and overcome the hockey puck lock

Method #1 - Attack the lock (no guard)

The lock could be attached to some kind of heavy-duty door or gate and quickly being able to identify if there is a guard around the lock or not will determine if you will be attack the lock itself or go through other means. For this method, we will go through the lock itself since there is no guard around the lock.

The quickest and most efficient way in attacking the lock is to use a standard pipe wrench (many truck companies have these in the cab or tool compartment of the rig) and get a solid bite on the lock with the wrench. From there, you simply pry downward with the wrench, breaking the hasp eye.

American 2000 (hockey puck) Lock Hasp

Method #2 - Through the Lock (with guard)

Hockey Puck Lock with Guard

Many of these locks will have a guard around them protecting the lock and therefore preventing the use of a wrench or striking down the lock by other means.

In this case, when faced with a guard around the lock, it is best to cut through the lock itself. For this method, it is best to use a rotary saw equipped with a metal blade.

• Locate the keyway

• Cut about three-quarters up the lock, opposite of the keyway

• Cut completely through the lock and guard

This should damage the hasp and enable the lock to be removed from the door or gate.

For those unfamiliar with this type of lock, it could be a daunting task to complete. However, take time during pre-planning and non-fire incidents in occupancies to locate these types of locks and add them to your pre-incident size-up and practice these methods of entry with the crew. A few minutes breaking locks will save precious minutes on the fire ground figuring out how to get through it.

Until next time - work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

The Benefits of Electrolytes and Why Firefighters Should Drink Them

Hydration is an essential factor for firefighters all around. According to research, hydration is vital for overall health and wellness and your performance, along with recovery. The human body is made up of 66 to 70 percent water; through sweat, breathing, and bodily waste, it will lose around 35 to 90 ounces of water. During normal physical activity, however, the body could lose an additional 8 to 16 ounces of water. Firefighters, on the other hand, lose approximately 50 to 70 ounces of water in only 30 to 45 minutes during firefighting activity, five times higher than normal physical activity. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine determined that an adequate daily fluid intake is about 15.5 cups (3.7 liters) of fluids for men and about 11.5 cups (2.7 liters) of fluids a day for women. These recommendations cover fluids from water, other beverages, and food. About 20 percent of daily fluid intake usually comes from food and the rest from drinks.

With all of this being said, is this enough for firefighters when performing high intensity work in full PPE in training and on the fire ground?

Let's take a look at the benefits and needs of incorporating electrolytes into your hydration especially when you're on shift at the firehouse.

Our bodies lose electrolytes through sweat, those of which cannot be replenished by water. Yes, you may feel better after a nice bottle of water however you may not be fully recovered due to the loss of important nutrients found in electrolytes.

But what makes electrolytes so essential, you ask? Let's find out.

For starters, electrolytes are essential minerals found in food and fluids, with a few of them being produced by our bodies naturally. Our bodies are designed to dissolve these minerals through blood, sweat and urine turning them into positive or negative charged ions which are vital for us to carry out normal body processes. Of these processes would be regulating our pH levels, maintaining fluid balances, contracting muscles, and conducting nerve impulses that allow your cells to communicate.

There are seven common electrolytes are four essential electrolytes are bodies need in order to function properly.

Seven common electrolytes

• Sodium

• Potassium

• Chloride

• Magnesium

• Bicarbonate

• Calcium

• Phosphate

Four essential electrolytes

• Sodium

• Potassium

• Chloride

• Magnesium

The four essential electrolytes all play a role in proper body functioning from healthy digestion to regulating blood pressure and while they contribute to the same processes in the body function, all have unique properties that play a role in this process.

So, before we can discuss why these four are consider essential, we must first understand what these four are.

Sodium

Sodium play a pivotal role in maintaining the bodies extracellular fluid (ECF) volume and regulating blood pressure. Across our cellular membranes, sodium influences the water movement around these membranes and when the sodium levels change as does our osmotic pressures. This pressure can be thought of as the pressure that would be required to stop water from diffusing through a barrier of osmosis. Basically stating, it is how hard the water will "push" to get through the barrier in order to diffuse to the other side. In other words, "where sodium goes, water flows".

These changes induced by sodium will affect how water moves intra and extracellular compartments, like blood. Therefore resulting in an increase or decrease in plasma volume (part of ECF) and blood volume which can raise or lower blood pressure.

Potassium

Potassium is the partner to the electrolyte mentioned above, sodium. These two work together to maintain fluid volume in and out of your cells. As sodium is found in the extracellular fluid, potassium is found mostly in the intracellular fluid and is one of the most abundant mineral in our body.

The concentration of potassium in the ICF is around 30 times higher than outside your cell forming an electrochemical gradient for potassium and its partner sodium to work together to maintain. The electrochemical gradient is responsible for muscle contractions.

Without the proper levels of potassium in our body, our muscles produce weaker contractions along with possible muscle fatigue or severe muscle cramps.

Magnesium

Every cell in our body has the electrolyte magnesium. In fact, nearly 60% of it lives in our bones, with the rest found in fluids, tissues, and muscles. The importance of magnesium is that it is a help molecule that contributes to over 400 enzymatic reactions throughout our body, such as:

• Converting food into energy

• Regulating muscle and nerve functions

• Contracting muscles

• Regulating blood pressure and blood sugar

• Building proteins

The functions of magnesium may seem repetitive to sodium and potassium but it is important to note, many of the electrolytes will work together to ensure the body is running how it should.

One of the main functions of these electrolytes working together is producing and metabolizing adenosine triphosphate, otherwise known as ATP - the body's primary energy source.

Chloride

Chloride is a negatively charged ion found in both intra cellular (ICF) and extracellular fluids (ECF). It is the second most abundant mineral found in the body. The function of chloride in the body is maintaining acid-base balance also known as  pH balance, aiding in digestion and aiding in water movement between fluid compartments in the body.

Chloride plays a pivotal role in proper digestion. It is a component to stomach acid, also known as hydrochloric acid (HCI). HCI jumpstarts our digestive process by activating gastric enzymes.

Now that we in short, covered the four essential electrolytes. We need to know WHY they are essential.

In the simplest terms, they keep your body in balance - in homeostasis. By having balanced electrolytes, it will help with chemical reactions and maintaining proper hydration along with intracellular and extracellular fluids that protect our cellular function. By keeping these electrolytes in balance we are also doing the following:

• Keeping pH levels balanced

• Transporting nutrients into our cells

• Removing waste from our cells

• Supporting muscle function

• Supporting nervous system function

• Regulating blood pressure

Electrolytes are essential for optimal body functioning and why maintain proper hydration prior to and after training and work on the fire ground. To reestablish a healthy balance in the body, it is important to replenish the nutrient that is lost though our sweat and bodily fluids on the job.

In order to work and perform at your optimal level, it is essential to keep electrolytes in your carry bag when on shift. A dehydrated firefighter is a unless firefighter. 

Until next time, work hard, stay safe & live inspired

Electric Vehicle Fire Considerations for the First Due Engine Company

Automotive technological advancements have evolved drastically over the years. Modern amenities of connectivity are found is every new car being brought onto the market today. Social media apps, real time traffic and weather updates to cameras not just for backing up but also for covering multiple blind spot areas of the car. Although the biggest advancement and great challenge for firefighters is in the invention of electric vehicles (EV).

Firefighters must be aware of the dangers of these vehicles and have steps in place when responding to vehicle fires involving electric vehicles. For purposes of this article, we are going to outline steps to take when responding to an electric vehicle fire as the first arriving engine company.

Secure a Water Supply

As any well-trained engine company, the first thing that must happen is to secure a water supply immediately upon arrival. This is a crucial step in a meaningful knock on the fire. When compared to an internal combustion vehicle (gas fueled), an electric vehicle can take up to ten times the amount of water to cool or extinguish.

Let's think about this. An internal combustion vehicle would normally take 500-1000 gallons of water to cool or extinguish while an EV would take a minimum of 10,0000 gallons of water alone to extinguish or cool the battery. Reports have shown that it has taken 30,000 - 40,000 gallons of water to do such fire suppression on EVs. 

Up to 150 000 liters of water needed to put out a fire in an electric car | CTIF - International Association of Fire Services for Safer Citizens through Skilled Firefighters

Once a water supply is established, the next best option is to treat this like a motor vehicle extrication and if possible, stabilize the car and initiate any victim removes if required. The silent movement of these vehicles could cause them to roll and cause for other hazards putting firefighters at higher risks of injuries from the moving vehicle.

Handline Selection

Due to the naturae of these vehicles and the amount of water needed to either cool or extinguish the fire, it is best to either stretch a 2 1/2-inch handline or if staffing permits, pull multiple 1 3/4-inch handlines. As suppression team(s) approach the  vehicle, it is important to utilize the reach of the straight stream of the nozzle and to take note of the reaction the vehicle is having with the water. The initial application of water may cause a flare up of fire due to the combustibles within the EV.

Locate the Battery

Upon extinguishment of the main body of fire, it is imperative that firefighters quickly locate and identify the location of the battery, and this is important for monitoring signs of thermal runaway using a thermal imaging camera (TIC), including: 

• Identify the heat signature present

• Vapors escaping from the battery pack

• Listen for popping sounds from the battery pack

• Locating visible fire around the battery pack 

*Note, the thermal runaway temperature for lithium-ion batteries is approximately 176 degrees Fahrenheit or 80 degrees Celsius. Beyond this, the risk of chemical reactions leading to thermal runaway increases drastically. The maximum temperature during thermal runaway can reach greater than 300 degrees Celsius or 572 degrees Fahrenheit.

If any of these signs are identified, the battery pack should begin to be cooled and performed in such manner: 

• The stream from the hose line should be directed to one area on the battery pack and applied for 3 to 5 minutes

• After the 3 to 5 minutes, firefighters should assess the battery again for thermal runaway and the items listed above.

• Should the signs of thermal runaway still be presentable or have seemed to be found on a new area of the battery, the stream should be again applied for another 3 to 5 minutes, followed by another assessment of the battery pack.

• This process should be repeated until the pack is no longer showing any elevated temperatures.

Monitor the Battery 

After fire suppression team(s) have cooled the or extinguished the battery and all hot spots on the battery have cooled, it is best for an engine company to remain in place with an established water supply still in place for at least 30 minutes before the EV is moved from the hot zone.

Key definitions to take note of:

Thermal Runaway

Thermal runaway occurs when a lithium-ion battery becomes overheated and is often triggered by overcharging, a short circuit or other cell stress. A chain reaction in the cell that generates gas is triggered by excess heat. This can spread to the rest of the battery pack if not mitigated, which can cause other cells to overheat and then decompose. The runaway causes the release of flammable gasses as it takes hold and the battery cells break down. 

Lithium-ion Battery

A lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery is an advanced battery technology that uses lithium ions as a key component of its electrochemistry. During a discharge cycle, lithium atoms in the anode are ionized and separated from their electrons. The lithium-ions move from the anode and pass through the electrolyte until they reach the cathode, where they recombine with their electrons and electrically neutralize.

 As the fire service studies and investigates the complexity of electric vehicles fires, it is imperative that we continue to remain diligent when responding to EV fires and keeping up with the everlasting changes of how to approach and attack fires involving electric vehicles.

Until next time - work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

EV Rescue

https://autorescueapp.com/index.html

NFPA

https://www.nfpa.org/education-and-research/emergency-response/emergency-response-guides#aq=%40culture%3D%22en%22&cq=%40taglistingpage%3D%3D(%22EV%20Guides%22)%20%20&numberOfResults=12&sortCriteria=%40title%20ascending

The Importance of the 360 Size-Up

The importance of performing a 360 size up makes a huge difference in the operation of a structure. Keep in mind size up can be performed by simply walking around your first due area and checking out new construction. Let’s look at some simple factors I came across in a new residential community.

Picture #1

• Two story wood frame single family home

• Appears it could be balloon frame (although weird for new construction)

• Only one door is in plain sight

• Bottom window of the 1/2 corner is a bit raised appearing there may be a basement level or storage area below

Picture #2

• House is actually a three story residential

• Basement is designed to be fully furnished

• Basement level could possibly be used as an apartment (could cause a hazard if the stairway between the basement and first floor is illegally blocked for privacy)

• Two additional means of egress located off the first floor balcony on the #2 side and the basement level door

• From the rear it’s clear it’s not balloon frame

Again, just a few small factors to hit on. Do you notice anything else?

Train To Your Environment

The aspect of firefighting is hard. There is no way to sugarcoat it and it is obviously not like what we see on TV nowadays. In order to understand our job and to build a callous to difficulty of the job, we need to train and train to our environment. 

What do I mean by train to our environment. This is where we train with a scenario-based mentality to put ourselves in simulated situations as if they were to occur or have occurred on the fireground (ie. The Denver Drill or Pittsburgh Drill). Both of those were developed from line of duty incidents in their respective cities and in turn became part of rapid intervention training. Hence, training to and for our environment.  

The more we cater our training to our environment, the better understanding we have of what we are going in to. Also, it helps us eliminate the fear of what we do not know. It is more difficult to search a room under fire conditions in a real life incident if you haven't been exposed to smoke filled environments since your days in the fire academy and do not get many fires. Therefore we must develop training scenarios to mimic these incidents so we have more confidence when responding to the actually incident.

Here's a few reasons why training to our environment is important 

• Helps gain confidence in your skills and your ability to understand the job at hand

• Helps gain confidence in those your work with

• Increases your situational awareness of the job

Training to our environment not only helps us develop our skills but also develop our teamwork with our crew by building a connection with one another and understanding the strengths and weaknesses of each other. Furthermore, it assists in guiding our understanding of what should be done as opposed to what is happening along with helping us identify when things do not look right and forecasting the future of the incident. 

I do agree with practical applications of various tasks such as hoseline deployment in open areas to understand the basic of such work, the weight of hoseline pressures and getting comfortable with each lines maneuverability. This same methodology goes into areas such as forcible entry, rope rescue and motor vehicle extrication. It is always good to train outside of situational based scenarios and go over the mechanics of the work however it is only the beginning.  

The same goes for sports and for this example baseball. No matter how great a hitter or pitcher is. Every hitter throughout their career hits off a tee and every pitcher throws off solid ground before they see live pitching or throws of the mound. So to be successful as an individual firefighter and as a crew, train for the environment but continue to practice the basic mechanics of the job.

Until next time, work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

Importance of Active and Passive Recovery for Firefighters

Firefighters are athletes. Taking care of ourselves means not just getting evaluated by our primary care or department physician but truly embracing a healthy lifestyle. Being able understand your body and prepare your body is equally, if not more, important to ensure our personal protective equipment is in check, self-contained breathing apparatus bottles are topped off, and the apparatus is in working order. The rigors and demands of the job place a toll on our physical and mental well-being, and it is vital we prepare our body and mind for the work potentially ahead of us, not just for one shift or call but for an entire career.

Active Recovery

Active recovery is beneficial to the body and may help us recover faster after difficult workouts or strenuous activity. I recommend that this type of recovery be on shift day or the day before or after to allow the body to recuperate from any physical activity performed on off days and to provide your body with some type of active, low-intensity recovery during shift, so your body does not go into complete relaxation mode while on call. Limit active recovery exertion to no more than 75% of your typical workout level. The 75% level is just enough to keep the muscles warm and not enough to induce muscle fatigue.

Before we outline a few methods to perform active recovery, here are some of the benefits it provides.

• Reduction of lactic acid buildup in muscles.

• Elimination of toxins.

• Helps keep muscles flexible.

• Reduction of soreness.

• Increase in blood flow.

• Helps keep an exercise routine.

• Release of endorphins usually associated with regular exercise.

Here are a few methods of active recovery that are simple, yet highly effective:

• Walking

• Swimming

• Cycling

• Stretching

Passive Recovery

Passive recovery is a type of recovery that entails resting for considerable periods of time after strenuous activity. Unlike active recovery, with this type of recovery, your body is allowed total undisturbed rest to repair muscle damage and recuperate.

Proper passive recuperation is necessary for firefighters who are sick, are injured, or need physical and mental relaxation. For firefighters, rest is highly important and needed to perform at an optimal level. Rest has physiological and psychological benefits.

A healthy and optimal life is all about finding the right balance. From a 24-hour shift to 48 hours off in most cases, it is critical to take a day in between every now and then to relax and balance out the body.

By allowing the body to rest and avoid weariness of the muscles, it is allowing the body’s glycogen stores to refill, therefore attributing to the enhancement in muscle recovery. While exercise depletes your body’s energy stores or muscle glycogen, leading to muscular tissue breakdown, adequate rest helps your body correct this problem by restoring muscle glycogen, balancing blood flow, and rebuilding damaged tissue.

 Here are a few methods of passive recovery that are simple, yet highly effective:

•  Sleep

•  Rest

•  Hydration

•  Massage Therapy

•  How to Use Recovery in Your Regimen

Adding active recovery into your training sessions can be done in two methods, and both are greatly beneficial to your recovery. The first is to add it into your current training session as soon as it has been completed, as a cool-down approach. This is where you will allow your body to ease itself out of your workout, allowing your heart rate and breathing to return to their normal states and reducing the amount of lactate in your blood. The lactate in your blood is an organic acid made by tissue and red blood cells in your muscles, which is what causes the muscle burn felt during exercise. This is the same approach as if you were driving your car and approaching a red light. Instead of slamming on the brakes to make the stop, you gently ease on the brakes for a gradual stop at the light. This same method applies to cooling down after a workout with respect to your heart rate and breathing, by going for a light walk or jog or adding in some dynamic and static stretches and yoga poses. The other option for active recovery is to incorporate this as a full active recovery day and implement the methods listed above as active recovery for the day, through swimming, walking, or yoga to name a few.

Both forms of recovery are crucial within your training cycle regimen to allow your body to find its balance repeatedly as you progress in your training. I highly recommend incorporating cool-down recovery, especially after high-intensity workouts and after fireground training sessions, for optimal recovery of the heart and body with at least one recovery day (active and passive) each week for maximum recovery and performance. In the end, listen to your body and what it is telling you. After all, it is the only place we truly have to live.

This article is also posted Importance of Active and Passive Recovery for Firefighters — Africa Fire Mission

Until next time - work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

Yoga and Strength Training for Firefighters

It's great to get a good strength training session in while off duty or with the crew during shift if you have access to weight training equipment at your station. Slinging around some iron with the crew is also a fun way to build a stronger bond, collaborate and have some friendly competitions going set for set. Yet with all this strength training, we still need time to work on some mobility training because after all, we're functional athletes and without being mobile how could we hit our peak performance on the fire ground?

I mentioned in past articles and in my book, "The 5-Tool Firefighter" that yoga is a great for active recovery but in this article I want to list out a few reasons as to why yoga is great for firefighters with respect to strength training.

Benefit 1 - Decompression

From the PPE and SCBA on your back to the various tasks of raising ladders, pulling hose and carrying heavy tools, your joints and tissue are under a tremendous amount of pressure. Let us not forget the amount of mental stress our bodies experience as well due to how we interpret and experience traumas on the job. The soft tissues in your body serve as a buffer so the hard tissues such as your bones could stay rigid and support without grinding against each other (think of having no meniscus in your knee).

After the soft tissue in your body has been put under pressure, unlike a stress ball, this tissue will not return to its natural neutral state without an equally decompressive movement is done to pull the tension out. By working on decompressive movements, you are enabling these connective and supportive tissues to remain a healthy essential party of your body. By not doing so, the tension that has built up in the soft tissue will restrict blood flow that is crucial for healing and nutrient delivery. 

Benefit 2 - Alignment

In yoga there is no barbells, no kettlebells, nothing. It is simply your body. Granted many of us love moving heavy weight around because in this job, we need to be able to move heavy things. However, in yoga many of the forms being done all work around the fundamental alignment and engagement that is essential to strength training and operating on the fire ground especially since they require you to engage your core.

By engaging in the fundamental movements of yoga will help lead to a higher sense of awareness of your body structure and efficiency which could be directly translated to operating on the fire ground and the functional movements required to work on the job.  

Benefit 3 - Sweat Equity

We all walk away from an incident a little beat up at times. Heck, even after a live fire or high intensity training sessions on heavy recue training or extrication training (to many a few) will leave you a little sore. All training contains some residual damage to our muscular system especially when we add extra weight to our bodies. But after a few days, this damage hopefully repairs itself. To speed this process up a little bit and help the damaged tissue heal, we need to add fluids into our bodies.

Think about it like this, the more water we drink , the more we pee it out or sweat it out, the faster the fluid flows through the tissues of our body. 

If you've ever been to a yoga studio you've probably noticed it is relatively hotter during a yoga sessions and for a very good reason. Yoga classes encourage sweating. Why?

The heated environment in the studio helps the soft tissues mobilize therefore allowing your body to go deeper into the poses. Remember, an equal opposing force to the tension will begin to release the tension on the tissue.

If you're feeling sore, tight or as though there's been a lot of tension on your joints and muscles, take 30 minutes to an hour and work on some yoga poses to help the body lose and primed. You want to stay ready to you don't have to get ready.

Until next time, work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

The Truck Company Officer

The firefighter in charge of all operations related to the truck company is the truck company officer, whether it be a lieutenant or captain based how your department is set up and operates. This firefighter is the one who paints the picture for the crew and sets the stage for incoming units through the size-up presented over the radio. The message should be clear, concise and simple - (ie., "truck 7 arriving on scene 123 Sesame Street. Two-story wood frame structure, smoke showing from the A/B corner. Truck 7 will be forcible entry and search operations…").

This message from the officer, sets the stage for what's to come next and how incoming units need to prepare for their arrival on scene. 

The truck company officer is also an interior firefighter during this time as well and must remember to bring a few tools with him. However, prior to making entry with the crew, the officer is responsible for performing a 360 degree size-up, if possible. Otherwise a three side size-up will do.

Truck Company Officer Tools

• Officers tool or halligan

• Radio (of course)

• Thermal Imaging Camera (TIC)

Once the officer makes entry inside the structure, they are now in charge of and coordinating all things related to their crews operations and relaying those actions to the Incident Commander (IC). Various situations will determine where the officer will be in relation to the crew in the structure.

During a vent-enter-search (VES) operation, the officer is the last firefighter up the ladder. This is so the irons firefighter and the hook & can firefighter can perform their primary search of the room. All the while the officer is utilizing the TIC to scan the room with a six-sided scan (walls, floor and ceiling) to help maintain contact (visual/verbal) with the firefighters inside the room but also help locate the fire. Most importantly, the officer while utilizing the TIC can assist the crew to a possible victim which should be done with the utmost priority when performing a primary search.

This same practice goes into searching bedrooms or offices off a hallway. The fire officer would remain in the hallway monitoring fire conditions of the search rooms while keeping in visual and verbal communication with the firefighters performing the search. In addition to monitoring the search rooms, it is important that the fire officer monitor the fire conditions throughout the hallway keeping in mind the type of structure the they are in, in relation to how fire behaviors in the different types of construction thus being situationally aware of what could go wrong. 

The last thing the truck company officer is responsible for is having trust in himself, his crew and those working in coordination with him inside and outside of the structure. 

Once the incident is complete and the company is back in quarters, one of the best things the truck officer can do is sit down with the crew and discuss the pros and cons of their job on the incident. This will help with building a solid bond with each other and solidifying the trust of working each day together.

Until next time, work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

Influencing Organizational Culture

The fire service is loaded with leaders up and down the chain of command and many great leaders are those working on the front lines of the job each day. The senior firefighter, the driver, any one of them has the potential to be a leader but most importantly an impactful leader. Oftentimes, it's easy to mistake rank for leadership and as we know it is not mutually exclusive.

Real, true leaders do not demand orders or push rank but rather motivate and train those around them. In essence, leaders influence organizational culture to excel each member and the department for future success on and off the fire ground.

How does this happen? How does one influence organizational culture?

1. They observe. The old phrase of "listen more and talk less" is one of their best qualities. A hallmark of a true leader. Leaders learn more than just what needs to happen with the fine details of the job but how to influence and encourage their fellow firefighters behavior for success, boost morale and finds way to improve many processes of the company.

2. They take advantage of subcultures within the house. There will be cliques wherever you go and even in a firehouse. Yet exceptional leaders know how to utilize this area for team building. When firefighters train together, a bond is being built and leaders know when and how to build a very important bond in this job.

3. Cross-Train. Every firefighter has their own set of skills they are inherently good at and others that need work. Leaders will cross-train themselves with other firefighters to learn more about their roles and in turn learn more about them. The more we utilize other firefighters skill sets to the advantage of the department, the more successful the department it.

4. Take Ownership. The fire service is built on life lessons and many of these lessons will quickly humble even the most seasoned firefighter. Many departments have an accountability officer and an accountability system built into their SOPs to keep order and accountability of all firefighters working on an incident. Great leaders will take that system a step further and transition it into everything they do and those they work with do by holding each other to a standard of ownership for their mistakes and for their successes. Again, the fire service is a humbling place.

5. Humans. Leaders treat and speak to everyone with respect regardless of their emotions or how they feel about another individual. Showing respect to your fellow firefighter of any rank is a great example of influencing organizational culture in the department. No firefighter is greater than the crew or department.

Here are five ways we could influence organizational culture into the firehouse without overbearing the members of the house. Use these takeaways to subtly adapt the firehouse or crew to a culture of success all around.

Until next time, work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

Burnout: Taking Care of Your Crew

Often perceived as machines or "super-humans," firefighters can always answer the call 24/7. Everyone always expects firefighters to be there but seldom thinks about the toll it may take on the firefighters. Short staffing, hectic schedules, and specific incidents all contribute to burnout. Sometimes as an officer, you must ensure your crew is at its best.

As the fire service leader, it's essential to notice when members of your crew or department are dealing with burnout. 

The typical symptoms of burnout include:

• A negative attitude toward others.

• A lack of engagement within the workplace.

• Exhaustion. 

So what exactly should you be looking for? Poor nutrition, loss of interest in the job, and lack of sleep are some of the most common signs of burnout. Another sign to look for would be the job performance of an individual. Firefighters are generally good at hiding feelings, with the fear of being labeled as not "tough enough" for the job. An example is a firefighter who usually works well as a team but starts freelancing and disobeying direct orders. Burnout affects the firefighter not only physically but mentally. In the mental capacity, it may cause cloudiness to your judgment, which could lead to injury or death for not only the individual but the crew and or civilians. 

You're the officer in charge, and it is your job to ensure your firefighters remain safe both on the scene and in the firehouse. If you notice one of your crew members is going through burnout, there are ways to help. Most importantly, talk to them! As the officer, pull them aside and explain that you’re seeing a change in them. Whether it be on a personal level or on the training ground. It’s also important to  let them know they're human, and feeling burnt out is ok. One downside to this is that crew members may not be receptive to a conversation like this. It can be an uncomfortable conversation to have. During this conversation the person may shut down and almost feel as if they’re being singled out. As mentioned earlier, firefighters rarely speak up for fear of criticism. During this conversation, suggest ways to cope with burnout. Some examples may be:

• Writing.

• Cooking.

• Prioritizing sleep. 

• Creating a fitness schedule. 

Among the easiest ways is to take advantage of their time off. Take a vacation, turn their phone off, and shut down from the fire service world for a few days. Doing this will allow the firefighter to reset. After all, how can we expect our firefighters to always bring their A-game if they're not in the right frame of mind?

In the United States, 88.2% of the fire service are male. You're probably saying, "Everyone knows that" It's evident if you look at any firehouse in America. However, what's not known is that approximately 84 men a week will take their own life. 75% of all suicides are male. These statistics include more than just firefighters or first responders. However, according to the National Fallen Firefighters Foundation, the number of firefighter suicides falls between 100 & 200 annually. This proves that the "macho man" mentality of firefighters and men increases due to males not usually reaching out for assistance. Regardless, having a crew member speak up about needing help will always be challenging. 

This doesn't mean you can't help in other ways. Most firehouses I've visited have bulletin boards typically filled with information for training and upcoming events. Someone may be more inclined to utilize the info if the rest of the firehouse won't know. Training boards can be a great place in the firehouse to post different foundations and hotline numbers for firefighters seeking help. 

With hectic schedules, budget cuts that reduce staffing, and the overall amount of incidents firefighters are responding to, it's more than likely as an officer; you will encounter a firefighter going through burnout. So as you move up the ranks, make sure you're looking out for yourself and your crew. Below are a few links to different organizations where you can find help or gather more information regarding burnout. 

Work Hard - Stay Safe - Live Inspired

https://www.usfa.fema.gov/blog/ig-051922.html

https://www.nextrung.org/

https://www.codegreencampaign.org/resources/

https://www.5-alarmtaskforcecorp.org/

https://paulcombsart.com

Remembering the West Texas Fertilizer Plant Explosion

It was a typical spring evening with temperature s around 80 degrees on the evening of April 17, 2013 in central Texas. Humidity that evening was low with scattered clouds and 20 mile per hour winds blowing in from the south south east (SSE).

At around 7:30 that evening in the City of West, an explosion occurred at the West Fertilizer Company plant. An explosion so powered it registered as a 2.1 magnitude earthquake and felt over 80 miles away damaging many homes and school throughout the area. 

At this time, dispatched received a 911 call reporting smoke coming from the West Fertilizer Company plant and at 7:34 PM, the West Volunteer Fire Department was dispatched to the scene with two engines, a brush trick and tender responding to the scene along with two more firefighters arriving in their personal vehicles. The first arriving unit on scene was at approximately 7:39 PM confirming a structure fire at the plant and deployed an initial attack line (1 1/2 attack line) to extinguish any and all visible fire and to establish a water supply using a 4-inch diameter supply line. Please note, the nearest fire hydrant was more than a quarter mile away from the scene. An initial mutual aid alarm was struck with included an aerial ladder truck and four more firefighters which responded in their personal vehicles.  

Within 12 minutes of the initial arriving unit on scene and 22 minutes from the initial 911 dispatch, an explosion occurred at the plant leaving multiple firefighters down.

Ten first responders were killed in this explosion due to an estimated 40 to 60 tons of ammonium nitrate exploding just outside the city limits.

Five firefighters from the West Volunteer Fire Department were killed in the explosion along with four firefighters from 3 neighboring departments along with one off-duty career fire captain and two civilians who offered assistance to the fire department on scene. 

Factors of the incident

The department did not recognize the hazards associated with the ammonium nitrate

• There was limited pre-planning of the facility

• Rapid fire spread in wood construction commercial structure with no sprinkler system

Post incident recommendations as per NIOSH

Fire departments should conduct pre-incident planning of buildings within their jurisdiction to facilitate the development of safe fireground strategies and tactics especially in high hazard high risk structures

• Fire departments should have a written management plan, use risk management principles at all structure fires and especially at incidents with high risk hazards

• Fire departments should implement and enforce the Incident Management System (IMS) at all emergency operations

• Fire departments should ensure all firefighters wear personal protective equipment appropriate for the assigned tasks

• Fire departments should ensure all firefighters are training to the standards that meet or exceed NFPA 1001 Standard for Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications

 We remember:

Firefighter Morris Bridges

Firefighter Cody Dragoo

Firefighter Joseph Pustejovsky

Firefighter Douglas Snokhous

Firefighter Robert Snokhous

Firefighter Jerry Dane Chapman

Firefighter Cyrus Reed

Firefighter Kevin Saunders

Fire Captain Harris Kenneth

Firefighter Perry Calvin

Forcing Trident Security Doors

Higher capacity security doors are becoming more and more prevalent in all commercial and now residential homes for maximum break-in protection. The Trident Multi-Point lock provides a multipoint deadbolt locking mechanism with maximum resistance to break-ins. Here's the breakdown of the Trident system. 

1. Instant self-locking deadbolt protection on each close or manual locking

2. 4-point locking system

3. Anti-pry protection

4. Maximum door reinforcement kits - door strengthening bars and lower module reinforcement kit

As firefighters sometimes our jobs are going through the door in order to perform our interior fire operations and it is imperative we have an understanding on how to force this type of door should we have no other option or this is our best option for a quick knock on the fire or a rescue effort.

Let’s force the door 

All hand tools approach - IRONS - Method 1 

1. Starting on the hinge side, using the Adz end of the halligan, gap/crush the door to gain access to the backside of the door by placing the Adz behind the door and begin prying the standalone pin away. By getting the standalone pin out of the way early on will help with the conventional door pop.

2. Now, attack the lock side of the door starting with the top pin followed by the bottom pin and pry them away.

3. From here, once the three pins have been pried away, force the center of the door conventionally.

Please note, this will be time consuming and energy depleting. Have a K-12 or spreaders on hand if need be.

All hand tools approach - IRONS - Method 2

1. Attack the lock side of the door by gaping and crushing the door and start by prying away top pin followed by the bottom pin.

2. From here, once the two pins have been pried away, force the center of the door conventionally.

3. The door should go and entry can be made.

From my experience, these doors have been found mostly on rear pharmacy doors and other businesses with highly valuable goods. The best way to approach these doors is to study their makeup and understand their strong and weak links in order to force them in less time and reduce the amount of strain on the crew forcing the door.

Keep your eyes open and stay diligent out there. 

Until next time, work hard, stay safe and live inspired.

Ground Ladders

ROOF HOPS

What is a roof hop you ask? Take a look at the photo to the left. Don’t worry about the aerial. There are two ground ladders in use and a third on the way to being in use.

At times when your goal is to get to the roof and there is an overhang/porch in the way and you just cant get the right angle with one ladder . By placing a ladder, usually a straight/roof ladder, on the porch roof to help you reach the roof above.

When doing this skill you need to place your first ground ladder in a position that will allow you to bring up two more ladders with ease and not have to move said first ladder. Now climb that first ladder bringing the second one with you. You will also need some type of tool of destruction. Place your second ladder in a position close to where you will be climbing it. Sound your roof and then place a couple of holes even with the foot of this ladder. Place the feet of the ladder in these holes. Now you do not need huge holes here, just enough to fit the foot end of your ladder in. Maybe even straddle a roof rafter. Stand on or give the ladder a good little kick to “set” the feet. While doing this, the third ladder, along with the rest of your tools of destruction, including a chain saw, should be on the way up. Climb the second ladder and place your third, the roof ladder, in a position to work off from. Congratulations, you just completed a roof hop.

GROUND LADDER TRAINING

Training Drills you can do to become better for THEM!

Before we climb our ladder we need it to be in the right position. Now that is an extremely vague statement. The right position “in the real world” is job or task dependent. If you are going to the roof or maybe to a window on the second floor it is pretty basic. The ladder even has a little picture on the side to show you the proper climbing angle. That angle is 75 degrees. Most Firefighters prefer an angle closer to 70 degrees. The grey area comes into play when your objective is a window not quite the “normal” second floor height and you have to decide do I want to make this ladder steep or shallow. This is a topic for another time. Today we will discuss the basic proper climbing angle.

As I said above the ladder comes with a sticker to show you the proper angle. So in training set the ladder in accordance with this sticker. When set to this angle your base will be about 1⁄4 of the working height of the ladder, roughly 6 feet.

Now look at where the ladder is on the building. Going back to your FF I& II days stand at the foot and place your hands straight out. Do you hit the rungs with your hands? Yes good, no oops. Either way, make a mental note of your position. Now climb the ladder. Is this a comfortable angle? Is this ladder in an optimal position to work from? If so, GREAT! If not, why? Step back take a look and see why. Reset the ladder and do it again. Do this until you find the angle tht best fits your task. This angle may be different for different tasks.

Start climbing. Always try to have three points of contact with the ladder. Practice climbing up and down. Do this in gear, FULL GEAR. This makes all the difference in the world. Your gear is heavy and cumbersome, and you have to be used to it in order to be effective.

Once you are comfortable climbing then add transferring on and off the roof or entering and exiting a window. Again, in full gear. Your balance is very different in full gear and an SCBA. Once this becomes comfortable add tools to the mix. Start small with an axe and then add a hook and then add the saw.. Again, practicing transferring to and from the roof and windows. The next tool is another ladder, the roof ladder.

All the above training should be done with at least one other firefighter. Now get out there and train!

http://www.maineiactraining.org/

We Remember: Black Sunday FDNY

January 23rd, 2005.  One of the darkest days in FDNY history. A day the department lost multiple firefighters in two different incidents. Known to first responders worldwide as "Black Sunday."

Bronx: While performing a search during a three-alarm fire, Lieutenant John Bellew of Ladder 27, firefighter Joseph DiBernardo of Rescue 3, and  Lieutenant Curtis Meyran of Battalion 26 became trapped on the fourth floor of a four-story apartment. Due to the increased heat and fire, all three firefighters were forced to jump from the window to the ground. The apartment building was an older building from the late 1920s. The apartments involved were made into single-room occupancies (SRO). Each shares a common bathroom and kitchen. According to the NIOSH report, each SRO had a padlock on the bedroom doors. There was also limited access at the rear fire escape due to a partition with wood framing and sheetrock. In addition, there were no permits issued for construction in the building, and there were also no automatic sprinklers making the construction project a violation of local building codes. In addition to the three firefighters mentioned earlier, Brendan Cawley, Jeff Cool, and Gene Stolowski were severely injured in the jump. Later that day, Lieutenants John Bellew and Curtis Meyran succumbed to their injuries. Firefighter DiBernardo was promoted to Lieutenant in the spring of 2005. Unfortunately, Lt. DiBernardo passed away in 2011 due to complications with injuries sustained on January 23rd, 2005.

Brooklyn: Sometime just before 2 pm that same day, FDNY units were dispatched to a basement fire in a private dwelling. One of the first arriving units was Ladder Company 103. Part of the crew was firefighter Richard Sclafani who was assigned to search the basement. Due to fire conditions changing, firefighter Sclafani became separated from his company during the search. Minutes after being separated, Sclafani was located unconscious and in respiratory arrest. The NIOSH report stated firefighters worked on removing him from the building for 20 minutes. Firefighter Sclafani succumbed to his injuries, and the official cause of death was smoke inhalation and burns. January 23rd, 2005 marked the first time since 1918 that the FDNY lost firefighters in separate incidents.

Following the incident, the FDNY completed its internal investigation, and personal escape systems were purchased for all firefighters. Had the systems been available to the firefighters on Black Sunday, it would have saved the lives of Lieutenants Bellew, DiBernardo, and Meyran and prevented injuries to firefighters Cawley, Cool, and Stolowski. Black Sunday is a day that will be remembered forever in fire history. There is plenty of material on multiple sites providing information. I encourage new and veteran firefighters to remain educated on this day and learn from it.

In 2013, the Lt. Joseph P. DiBernardo Memorial Foundation, also known as the Joey D Foundation, was started to help train and equip firefighters in need. I have personally attended the yearly seminar they hold on Long Island. The training weekend is filled with two days of hands-on training followed by a day of great lectures. World-class instructors and firefighters teach all classes and lessons. The foundation raises money to provide fire departments with funding for personal escape systems, helping ensure an incident such as "Black Sunday" doesn't happen again.

NIOSH report for the Bronx fire

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/fire/reports/face200503.html

NIOSH report for the Brooklyn fire

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/fire/reports/face200504.html

Photos from firerescue1.com