Engine Work Beyond the Nozzle: Responsibilities You Can't Overlook

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When most firefighters think of engine company work, the first image that comes to mind is the nozzle firefighter—charging through smoke and extinguishing fire. But the reality is, that success doesn't happen without the silent choreography behind it. From securing the water supply to managing pump pressures, advancing hose lines, and supporting searches, engine company operations are a team effort where every position plays a pivotal role. Overlooking these responsibilities weakens the entire operation. In this article, we'll break down the often-overlooked tasks that make up the backbone of solid engine work because great fireground performance starts with mastering the basics beyond the nozzle.

Hydrant Operations and Water Supply

A fire attack is only as strong as its water source. That's why securing a reliable supply is one of the most critical and often underestimated tasks in engine company operations. The hydrant firefighter must act quickly, decisively, and with precision. From choosing the right hydrant to ensuring it's flushed and fully open, every step affects the engine's ability to deliver consistent water to the nozzle.

There's also an art to laying in: whether the officer calls for a forward lay or the engine company chauffeur (ECC) sets up a reverse lay, the decision should be based on distance, terrain, and available staffing. A sloppy stretch or a missed hydrant can delay the attack or leave crews vulnerable if the initial tank water runs dry. Hydrant operations may not be glamorous, but they are the lifeline of the fireground. Trust between the control firefighter and the pump operator is non-negotiable. It's a bond that keeps water flowing and crews safe inside.

Pump Operations and ECC Responsibilities

The engine company chauffeur is the engine company's nerve center, quietly controlling the fire attack's heartbeat. While firefighters inside are battling heat and smoke, the operator is outside, ensuring they have exactly what they need: the correct pressure, flow, and uninterrupted water. Mastering the pump panel goes far beyond knowing what lever to pull. It requires a deep understanding of friction loss, nozzle requirements, elevation changes, and how each impacts flow dynamics.

Equally important is apparatus positioning. A few feet too far from the hydrant or an awkward angle to the structure can slow down operations and compromise safety. The operator must constantly monitor multiple lines, anticipate water needs, and remain adaptable if conditions change. This isn't a "set it and forget it" role; it's an active, high-responsibility position that demands calm under pressure and ongoing training. When the crew inside hits a snag, they look to the operator to keep the system strong. A sharp operator isn't just pushing buttons. They're the support system for the engine company's operation.

Line Advancement and Support Firefighters

Photo: Kyle Lutz - IG: Kyle_Lutz937

Behind every effective nozzle firefighter is a team making that push possible. The backup and control positions are the unsung heroes of interior operations tasked with keeping the line moving, managing slack, clearing kinks, and maintaining communication throughout the advance. A charged hose line is heavy, unforgiving, and easily hung up on doorways, furniture, or staircases. Without solid support, even the best nozzle firefighter can be rendered ineffective.

The backup firefighter works directly behind the nozzle, helping absorb recoil and ensure the stream stays steady and directed. Further down the line, the control firefighter manages the hose outside the structure or at the entry point, feeding slack, clearing snags, and adjusting as the team advances. When these roles are correctly completed, the attack is smooth and efficient. When they're neglected, the line stalls, water flow is compromised, and momentum is lost. Line advancement is a full-team effort built on trust, timing, and technique.

Forcible Entry and Search Support

While truck companies are traditionally tasked with forcible entry and search, engine crews must be ready to step into those roles, especially when arriving first or operating without immediate truck support. Gaining access quickly can mean the difference between rescue and recovery, and it falls on the engine to make it happen when time is critical. Every firefighter on the engine should be proficient with basic forcible entry tools like the irons, a set of hydraulic tools, or a K-tool. Knowing how to force a door efficiently and without excessive damage is a skill that pays dividends in both speed and safety.

Beyond entry, engine crews often assist in primary search operations, especially when the truck company is delayed or stretched thin. That means understanding search techniques, maintaining orientation, and coordinating with other crews to avoid redundancy or missed areas. Being an engine firefighter doesn't excuse someone from developing truck-based skills; it reinforces their versatility. Fire doesn't wait for perfect assignments, and the best engine companies are ready for anything, from entry to overhaul.

Overhaul and Secondary Duties

Photo: Kyle Lutz - IG: Kyle_Lutz937

Once the fire is knocked, the work is far from over, and engine companies play a significant role in what happens next. Overhaul is more than just breaking things apart; it's a methodical search for smoldering materials and hidden pockets of fire. Engine crews should approach overhaul with the same urgency and attention to detail as the initial attack. Thermal imaging cameras, hand tools, and charged lines remain in play as firefighters peel back ceilings, walls, and flooring to ensure complete extinguishment.

Beyond overhaul, engine firefighters often assist in ventilation, salvage, and even support operations for fire investigation. Protecting property, preserving evidence, and creating safer working environments are all part of the job. These secondary duties might not carry the same adrenaline rush as the push to the seat of the fire, but they are essential to a complete operation. A disciplined engine company doesn't pack up after the fire is extinguished. They stay until the scene is truly secure.

Accountability and Communication

A disciplined engine company isn't just effective; they're accountable. Maintaining crew integrity on the fireground is non-negotiable. Every member should know who they're working with, their assignment, and where they should be. This starts with a solid riding assignment system and continues with ongoing verbal and visual check-ins during the operation. When the smoke thickens and chaos builds, accountability becomes the anchor that keeps firefighters safe and commanders informed.

Clear, concise communication bridges what's happening inside and the decisions being made outside. Engine crews must be proficient on the radio, not just in knowing how to use it but also in knowing what to say, when to say it, and how to make transmissions useful. Communication should be intentional and timely, whether relaying progress on the line, requesting water, reporting hazards, or calling for relief. In an environment where seconds count, and conditions evolve rapidly, strong communication and crew discipline separates a smooth operation from a dangerous one.

Training and Company Drills

Engine company excellence doesn't happen by chance. It's built through consistent, realistic training. Every firefighter should be cross-trained in nozzle work, hydrant hookup, pump operations, and support roles. That way, when staffing is tight, or assignments shift on the fly, the crew can adapt without hesitation. Training should go beyond pulling lines in a parking lot; it must reflect real-world challenges such as tight hallways, long stretches, cluttered interiors, low visibility, and water supply issues.

Regular company drills help build rhythm and trust. They refine communication, reinforce expectations, and expose weaknesses before they become problems on the fireground. Even simple evolutions like dry stretching lines, simulating kinks, or working on pump calculations can sharpen skills and boost crew confidence. The best engine companies train as they fight purposefully, frequently, and with pride in their craft. Because when things go wrong on the scene, the training keeps the crew moving forward.

Available for the Next Assignment

Engine company operations are often judged by what happens at the nozzle, but that's only part of the picture. From securing water to running the pump, advancing the line, forcing doors, and overhauling the scene, every role is essential to a successful fireground outcome. A nozzle firefighter may take the fight to the fire, but they're only as effective as the crew supporting them. The engine company operates as a true team when each position is valued, trained for, and executed with pride.

Fireground success doesn't rely on heroics—it relies on consistency, preparation, and accountability. Great engine companies understand that excellence lives in the details and that the real work often happens outside the spotlight. Master the fundamentals, respect every assignment, and remember that engine work is more than just the nozzle. It's a coordinated effort that starts before the first drop of water hits the fire.


Understanding FDC's for Fire Suppression Operations

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Fire Department Connections (FDCs) play a critical role in fire suppression operations. In this article we will discuss its function, operational issues, and troubleshooting tips, emphasizing the importance of knowing the system and maintaining a proactive approach in fireground operations.

Primary Function and Role of FDCs:

The main function of an FDC is to provide a reliable means for the fire department to supplement water to sprinkler or standpipe systems. When the fire department pumps water into the FDC, it is introduced into the building's fire suppression system (sprinkler or standpipe) to maintain water pressure and flow, especially during large-scale incidents.

The FDC plays a critical role in fireground operations. The FDC is essential for fire departments to ensure an adequate water supply, particularly in cases where the system might be compromised, such as in large fires with many active sprinkler heads or issues with sectional valves. FDCs can come in various forms, including polished chrome, brass, or red-painted devices. They're generally located on the exterior of buildings, though they can also be found remotely (e.g., on lawns or parking lots).

Types:

The FDC could be for a standpipe, sprinkler system, or both. Proper signage is crucial to identifying the type of system being supported (sprinkler, standpipe, or combined).

Connection Types:

FDCs typically have a siamese connection with two 2 ½-inch intake valves, but in some cases, they may have a larger connection (e.g., 4- or 5-inch stortz connection).

Common Operational Challenges:

FDCs can sometimes have debris inside the female connection or suffer from mechanical issues such as a damaged swivel connection. This can lead to difficulties in connecting hoses or achieving proper water flow. If the FDC is damaged, alternative tactics like connecting to the standpipe discharge outlet or using adapters may be required to achieve adequate water supply.

Hydraulic Considerations and Pumping Operations:

Water Pressure: Pumping operations typically start by securing a reliable water supply and ensuring the pumper is operating at 150 psi. For multi-stage pumps, the volume stage should be used initially. It's important to account for friction losses, typically 5 psi per floor, with additional losses for the sprinkler or standpipe system itself. This ensures the pump delivers adequate pressure and flow.

Strategic Positioning:

Apparatus should be positioned as close to the hydrant as possible, ideally no more than 100 feet from the FDC, to avoid unnecessary pressure loss.

Pre-Planning and Familiarity with the Area:

Firefighters should become familiar with the FDCs in their districts, knowing where they are located, which systems they serve, and the closest water supply. This knowledge is invaluable during an emergency response.

Pre-incident planning must include FDC connections. By incorporating FDC knowledge into pre-plans, crews can be more efficient during response, ensuring quicker and more effective deployment of resources.

Maintenance and Preparedness:

Regular inspection and maintenance of FDCs are crucial to ensure that the system operates as intended during a fire event. This includes checking caps, connections, and ensuring the absence of debris. Carrying spare parts, such as male caps and gaskets, can be helpful in addressing common issues on the fireground, such as malfunctioning valves or damaged connections.

The FDC is a critical yet often overlooked component of firefighting operations. A solid understanding of its function, proper use, and common challenges can significantly enhance a fire department's ability to deliver water to a building's fire suppression system during an emergency. Ensuring that all personnel are familiar with FDC locations, equipped with the necessary tools, and capable of troubleshooting potential issues will help improve operational efficiency.

A proactive approach to FDC use and a well-integrated pre-plan can make a significant difference in firefighting operations, particularly in large buildings or complex structures. By incorporating these practices into daily routines, fire departments can improve response times and reduce the likelihood of water supply failures during critical incidents.

Until next time - work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

Understanding Flow Path for Engine and Truck Company Operations

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Understanding the flow path is crucial for safe and effective fireground decision-making and firefighting during a fire. Firefighters need to understand how and when to alter the flow path in order to perform a safer and more effective fire attack. Furthermore, in order to protect and save lives, it is imperative firefighters understand how to proper size-up the flow path and how it works.

In order to do this, firefighters and fire officers must size-up the structure upon arrival and have a solid understanding of our main firefighting objectives - RECEO_VS (rescue, exposure, confinement, extinguish, overhaul, ventilation and salvage). From this, understanding the building construction along with a solid understanding and working knowledge of fire behavior and reading smoke will allow firefighters to effectively build sound fire ground tactics for fire attack/suppression and search & rescue - both of which are critical to understanding flow path. All of this has been outlined and detailed in my book, "The 5-Tool Firefighter"

To stat this off, what is flow path?

Flow path is the movement of heat, smoke and air from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas inside and outside of a building. When fire starts, it releases heat which increases the pressure near the fire. Since the pressure is mostly nearest to the seat of the fire causing a pressure difference in the atmosphere, the heated gases move upward and outward.

Here is a few examples of flow path:

If the fire is above with no opening for smoke and heat to escape, it will eventually bank down below the floor. When opening the door, the smoke will clear out.

If the fire is below you, the smoke is filling the house at entry level and above. When opening the door, smoke will begin to escape and thin out.

If the fire is on the same floor and there is no exit for smoke, you will end up with a bilateral flow. Smoke will then exit the upper half of the door and clean air will be pulled through the bottom half.

Definition: bilateral flow is smoke and heat moving out of a building through a single ventilation point, with fresh air being drawn in from the bottom.

Engine Companies

As we continually say, "as the line goes, the fire goes" and this is 100% factual when discussing flow path and determining the appropriate line size for the initial fire attack. This is also just as important as to determine the appropriate entry point for the initial attack crew. Even though the initial attack crew, just like the initial search crew, must be quick paced, there are various questions that this crew especially the engine company officer needs to keep in mind.

  • Reading smoke. What is the smoke telling me about the conditions in the room?

  • Location. From out entry point, how far are we in the structure to the seat of the fire?

  • Neutral plane. Where is the neutral plane?

Engine companies must understand the science behind the fire to adequately work within the flow path but should also remain aggressive in the approach to fire suppression.

Truck Companies

Performing the initial search at any fire is like taking one step forward and two steps back. It is quick, aggressive and highly dangerous. However, it is a critical first step to protecting and saving life. Here are a few things to keep in mind when operating in this capacity.

  • Where is the last known location or best possible location of the victim in this structure?

  • From that location, what is the best route of travel to locating and extricating that victim (quickest route)?

  • What if there is no hoseline in place?

Unfortunately, there are times when search crews may need to operate without a hoseline in place or being put into place based on the situation at hand, arrival times and the list goes on. In order to do this, search crews must understand how to operate within the flow path, isolate the search room based on the building and what the smoke and fire are telling you. Without this understanding, the success of the assignment is slim.

To understand all of this takes time, practice and hours of dedication to your craft. Each incident is different no matter how many times you respond to a fire, each fire will behave differently from the others. Fire officers and firefighter must take the time to understand what the incident is telling you and be ready with proactive decision-making in order to respond ahead of the curve and operate safe and efficiently within the parameters of the incident.

Until next time, work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

Tips for Apparatus Driver Safety

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According to the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) Firefighter Fatality Reports, many firefighters and other emergency responders have died in the line of duty due to vehicle crashes involving emergency service vehicles while responding to and returning from incidents.

In order to effectively serve the communities, we are charged to protect, it is first necessary to ensure firefighters and other first responders’ arrival safely to the incident. As we've been training since day 1 of our fire service career, safety should be the high emphasis for all we do and particularly on vehicle operations safety. Whether it be in department apparatus or privately owned vehicles (POV) - within the scope of your respectively departments duties and responsibilities - all firefighters are expected to comply with all applicable traffic laws, as well as departmental safety policies and procedures (SOPs) at all times.

In the same manner as a fire scene, responsibilities for safety lie amongst all firefighters in the apparatus and not solely on the officer or driver.

Here are a few tips you should follow for safe driving of an apparatus when responding to and from all incidents.

Driver: Outside of firefighting operations once on scene, whether it be pump operations or aerial operations, the drivers first primary function is to safely transport firefighters and equipment to the scene while complying with all traffic laws, as well as department policies and SOPs.

• Ensure you have been trained to properly operate the apparatus you are in-charge of driving. Refer to NFPA 1002, Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications and NFPA 1451, Standard for a Fire Service Vehicle Operations Training Program for more.

• Prior to moving the vehicle from the bay or streets, ensure all firefighters are safely inside the apparatus and wearing their seat belts. If you're apparatus have the seat sensors, do not leave until the alarm turns off and all firefighters are buckled up in their seat.

• Never assume another vehicle can hear or see you.

• Slower is safer especially during poor road conditions or poor visibility.

• Always stop at intersections. It is only after coming to a complete stop before driving through any intersection or railroad crossing, even if you have the right of way. Again, never assume.

• When approaching an unguarded railroad crossing, it is best practice to stop, look and listen for an oncoming train. Never stop or park across railroad crossings.

• Prior to any firefighters exit the apparatus, ensure the vehicle is completely stopped and the air brake has been engaged.

• Always used a spotter when backing up even in perfect conditions and well-lit areas. Again, never assume anyone will see you or you will see them.

• If you're tired or under medication that limits your ability to drive, do not operate the apparatus.

Officer: The officer in the front right seat (officer-in-charge) is responsible for supervising the driver and firefighter assigned to the apparatus. This includes complying with and obeying all traffic laws, department policies and SOPs. It is also the responsibility of this seat to assist in radio operations and direction navigation while the driver's main focus is to safely operate the vehicle.

Backseat Firefighters: While riding in a fire department vehicle all firefighters riding in the back are required by law to comply with all safety policies and procedures.

These are just some tips for all firefighters and fire officers to be aware of when operating behind the wheel of their apparatus. Take these into consideration any time you are in your department vehicles.

Until next time, work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

The After Action Review: Post-Incident Size-Up

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The size-up is for all intents and purposes, our game plan or battle plan, if you will, against the structure we are working at. The size-up is where firefighters and fire officers gather information in order to make safe, efficient, and effective fire ground decisions. Fire ground decision making, as we know, is meant to be quick, but with an emphasis on safety and ensuring the tactics are done efficiently and effectively.

One aspect we do not stress enough is the fact we do not consider the culmination of the incident. After fire command is terminated and all units are back in quarters and in service. We must remember the pre-planning is not over just because we cleared the incident and everyone is back in the station and safe. This is where the add-value work is put into place and now it is time for the after-action review or post-incident size-up.

During the after-action review (AAR), firefighters and fire officers can discuss and share information obtained from the alarm and also discuss the success and failures they have experienced during the alarm. This is a time to ask a few question:

• What did we expect to happen?

• What actually occurred?

• What went well and why?

• What can we improve upon and how?

The benefit of asking these questions allow for strengths to be easily identifiable making it easier to uncover areas of weakness. By uncovering areas of weakness, you can develop ways to improve them! If you do not identify what went wrong, how could you ever expect to improve? On the contrary, if you do not understand what went right and why, duplicating that same success in the future will not be easy. Ensure necessary changes discussed in the AAR are implemented sooner than later as the longer it is on hold, the greater the likelihood of any changes being implemented diminish.

The size-up as a whole is a valuable step by step process for all firefighters, to obtain knowledge of their response district, riding assignments, and strategy and tactic implementation. By beginning this process formally or informally early on, it will allow for continual growth for each firefighter and fire officer. The key to success as an individual and team is to get ahead of the game and prevent ourselves from being reactive, rather proactive.

Until next time, work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

 

The History of the Pike Pole

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One of the most versatile tools for firefighters along with its long history in the fire service is the pike pole. Next to the axe, the pike pole is one of the most recognizable tools of the fire service. In fact, this tool was used for thousands of years prior to entering itself into the fire service. This tool has been used in fishing, forestry and construction yet originated in the 12th century in Europe as a weapon for soldiers.

Once adapted into the fire service, the pike pole has been used to pull down interior and exterior walls, ceilings and roofs to help stop fire spread, through various phases of an incident.

During the initial fire attack, firefighters use this tool to tear away structural elements of the building in order to prevent the advancement of fire by exposing hidden fire for suppression and by removing upper windows for ventilation.

The pike pole is also used during the overhaul stage of the incident for the same functions previously mentioned in the initial attack stage allowing firefighters to open up to uncover and extinguish any hidden pockets of fire.

The versatility of this tool is not spoke to as much as it was, thanks to the advancements in modern technology with respect to fire service equipment. For years prior, this tool along with another pike or a tool of similar length and a tarp was used in creating makeshift stretchers to remove injured victims or down firefighters.

A typical pike pole normally measures from 4 feet - often referred to as a closet hook for its ability to be used in closets or other confined spaces where longer pikes wouldn't fit - to 12 feet in length and was traditionally made of hardwood. Today, many of these are made from fiberglass and other composite materials which are lighter and easier to maneuver.

The modern version of the pike poll came to the fire service in the 1960s and 1970s In New York City (the War Years). During this time, FDNY Captain Bob Farrell and the New York City Fire Department's Research & Development Division developed their version of the pike pole, often referred to as the New York Hook. This variant of the pike pole has two hooks at the head as opposed to the traditional one hook to help firefighters pull down metal roofing and drywall. An advantage of this tool is also its ability to remove roof cross-boards from joists by sliding the hook along the joist to quickly pop the boards during ventilation. Another thing to note about the New York Style hook is the flathead at the top as opposed to the point on the traditional pike pole. This function has the ability to use the hook as a hammer and hook combined - sounding floors, roofs and purchase points for opening walls.

New York Style Hook

Around this same time, various other fire specific hooks have been developed such as the Chicago Hook, the Denver hook, the San Francisco Hook and the Boston Rake Hook. All developed to efficiently tear apart the type of building construction most often encountered by firefighters in those areas - mainly plaster and lath or tongue and groove.

Above: Denver Hook, Boston Rake Hook & the San Francisco Hook

Nowadays, apparatus riding assignments are used and the pike pole is often paired with two firefighter riding assignments on the truck company, the hook & can firefighter and the outside vent firefighter. Both firefighters are assigned a 6 foot pike pole (most common size used) along with a water can (hook & can) and a halligan (outside vent).

The pike pole, rich is in storied history as a once weapon used by European soldiers, to its uses in fishing and construction is now a go-to versatile tool for the fire service.

Until next time, work hard stay safe & live inspired.

Electric Vehicle Fire Considerations for the First Due Engine Company

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Automotive technological advancements have evolved drastically over the years. Modern amenities of connectivity are found is every new car being brought onto the market today. Social media apps, real time traffic and weather updates to cameras not just for backing up but also for covering multiple blind spot areas of the car. Although the biggest advancement and great challenge for firefighters is in the invention of electric vehicles (EV).

Firefighters must be aware of the dangers of these vehicles and have steps in place when responding to vehicle fires involving electric vehicles. For purposes of this article, we are going to outline steps to take when responding to an electric vehicle fire as the first arriving engine company.

Secure a Water Supply

As any well-trained engine company, the first thing that must happen is to secure a water supply immediately upon arrival. This is a crucial step in a meaningful knock on the fire. When compared to an internal combustion vehicle (gas fueled), an electric vehicle can take up to ten times the amount of water to cool or extinguish.

Let's think about this. An internal combustion vehicle would normally take 500-1000 gallons of water to cool or extinguish while an EV would take a minimum of 10,0000 gallons of water alone to extinguish or cool the battery. Reports have shown that it has taken 30,000 - 40,000 gallons of water to do such fire suppression on EVs. 

Up to 150 000 liters of water needed to put out a fire in an electric car | CTIF - International Association of Fire Services for Safer Citizens through Skilled Firefighters

Once a water supply is established, the next best option is to treat this like a motor vehicle extrication and if possible, stabilize the car and initiate any victim removes if required. The silent movement of these vehicles could cause them to roll and cause for other hazards putting firefighters at higher risks of injuries from the moving vehicle.

Handline Selection

Due to the naturae of these vehicles and the amount of water needed to either cool or extinguish the fire, it is best to either stretch a 2 1/2-inch handline or if staffing permits, pull multiple 1 3/4-inch handlines. As suppression team(s) approach the  vehicle, it is important to utilize the reach of the straight stream of the nozzle and to take note of the reaction the vehicle is having with the water. The initial application of water may cause a flare up of fire due to the combustibles within the EV.

Locate the Battery

Upon extinguishment of the main body of fire, it is imperative that firefighters quickly locate and identify the location of the battery, and this is important for monitoring signs of thermal runaway using a thermal imaging camera (TIC), including: 

  • Identify the heat signature present

  • Vapors escaping from the battery pack

  • Listen for popping sounds from the battery pack

  • Locating visible fire around the battery pack 

*Note, the thermal runaway temperature for lithium-ion batteries is approximately 176 degrees Fahrenheit or 80 degrees Celsius. Beyond this, the risk of chemical reactions leading to thermal runaway increases drastically. The maximum temperature during thermal runaway can reach greater than 300 degrees Celsius or 572 degrees Fahrenheit.

If any of these signs are identified, the battery pack should begin to be cooled and performed in such manner: 

  • The stream from the hose line should be directed to one area on the battery pack and applied for 3 to 5 minutes

  • After the 3 to 5 minutes, firefighters should assess the battery again for thermal runaway and the items listed above.

  • Should the signs of thermal runaway still be presentable or have seemed to be found on a new area of the battery, the stream should be again applied for another 3 to 5 minutes, followed by another assessment of the battery pack.

  • This process should be repeated until the pack is no longer showing any elevated temperatures.

Monitor the Battery 

After fire suppression team(s) have cooled the or extinguished the battery and all hot spots on the battery have cooled, it is best for an engine company to remain in place with an established water supply still in place for at least 30 minutes before the EV is moved from the hot zone.

Key definitions to take note of:

Thermal Runaway

Thermal runaway occurs when a lithium-ion battery becomes overheated and is often triggered by overcharging, a short circuit or other cell stress. A chain reaction in the cell that generates gas is triggered by excess heat. This can spread to the rest of the battery pack if not mitigated, which can cause other cells to overheat and then decompose. The runaway causes the release of flammable gasses as it takes hold and the battery cells break down. 

Lithium-ion Battery

A lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery is an advanced battery technology that uses lithium ions as a key component of its electrochemistry. During a discharge cycle, lithium atoms in the anode are ionized and separated from their electrons. The lithium-ions move from the anode and pass through the electrolyte until they reach the cathode, where they recombine with their electrons and electrically neutralize.

 As the fire service studies and investigates the complexity of electric vehicles fires, it is imperative that we continue to remain diligent when responding to EV fires and keeping up with the everlasting changes of how to approach and attack fires involving electric vehicles.

Until next time - work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

EV Rescue

https://autorescueapp.com/index.html

NFPA

https://www.nfpa.org/education-and-research/emergency-response/emergency-response-guides#aq=%40culture%3D%22en%22&cq=%40taglistingpage%3D%3D(%22EV%20Guides%22)%20%20&numberOfResults=12&sortCriteria=%40title%20ascending

When to Detach from the Plan

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In theory, our strategies and tactics for our incident action plan are developed based on our 360-degree size-up. In reality, our strategies and tactics of our incident action plan are developed based on many variables - the pre-incident size-up, the alarm size-up, the on-scene size-up and the post-incident (after action review) size-up. All these variables are covered in chapter 3 of my book, "The 5-Tool Firefighter" in greater detail. For purposes of this article, I am highlighting them for other purposes.

The pre-incident size-up

 The pre-incident size-up is the first and best place to begin putting our IAP together by collecting as much important and relevant information of the structure as we possibly can and therefore beginning to build our "gameplans" and try them out in training. During this size-up, we can locate and note the following:

  1. Construction type

  2. Interior space size

  3. Containment areas

  4. Stairwells and elevators

  5. FDC hookups

  6. Solar Panels

Note: variables change based on the type of construction and type of occupancy you are pre-planning. These six items are only a sample of what we could look to identify during a pre-planning.

The alarm size-up

During the alarm size-up this is where firefighters and fire officers should start considering the variables taken during the pre-incident size-up. On the way to the alarm, things to look into are as follows:

  1. Location of the structure

  2. Type of occupancy

  3. Current apparatus staffing

  4. Weather conditions and time of day (loosely)

  5. Apparatus placement (think water supply/aerial operations)

These areas will lead into building the strategies and tactics for our IAP for this particular alarm. Now comes the on-scene.

The on-scene size-up

This is where the pre-planning and alarm size-ups are put to work. All our work identifying key areas of consideration and training are now put to the test. In reality, it is where we are provided with much more information specific to the alarm, confirming our variables during the alarm size-up, such as building construction, type of occupancy and location.

 Here is where more in-depth size-ups will take place not only at the command level but at each company level. Firefighters of truck and engine companies will now begin going inside the structure and taking note of the area under a different light and different conditions and relaying their findings back to the incident commander. This information being done at the company level will now allow the IC (incident commander) to make fire ground decisions that’s are prioritized for a safe and efficient outcome. This process continues until command is terminated.

Post-incident size-up

Once we've returned to the station and cleared up, it is imperative that we begin to discuss what went right and wrong on the incident, no matter the severity of the incident. This helps firefighter and fire officers strive to improve on their strengths and weaknesses of their job and strive to be as successful as possible.

Things to consider:

  1. What did we expect to happen?

  2. What actually happened?

  3. What went well and why?

  4. What can we improve upon and how? 

Looking at these four areas of size-up, we need to understand one thing. Our incident action plan that is designed to assist is can also hurt us. Well, how is that possible? We have pre-planned, sized-up on alarms, trained on scenarios for this type of occupancy, we did everything? What would hurt us?

What could hurt us is by sticking to the script of the IAP. What do I mean by that? Unforeseen circumstances and confirmation bias.

The outcome of the incident is initiated in our thought process before we develop any strategies or tactics of the incident. In order to develop strategies and tactics we first must identify our outcome. Makes total sense right? We cannot plan for an outcome we do not have in mind.

Our confirmation bias also agrees but here is the caveat. We cannot identify areas of concern if we simply go off an incident action plan without detaching ourselves from the plan for a moment. Meaning, we use our IAP as a guide but also take the time to look around for key areas that we are predisposed to instantly ignore.

Here is an example. 

We prepare our alarm size-up and look at the time of day. For example, Engine 2 is responding to a fire alarm activation at 234 Sesame Street on a Tuesday at roughly 1400 hours. It is a 2-story residential wood frame structure and normally at this time the family is either working and/or at school. 

Initially we are thinking this could be a faulty smoke detector activation or maybe someone is home and it's burnt food on the stove. However, upon arrival we see no signs of "life" at the residence. There are no cars in the driveway or at the curb and no homeowner waiting for us. Right here, our confirmation has proven correct. No one is home and a faulty detector went off. 

We immediately considered that because of the time of day with no activity at home upon arrival and the lack of cars visible to us, it must appear no one is home. 

Now let's detach from that mindset for a moment. 

We automatically assumed based on the time of day and day of week no one would be home however, that simply cannot be the case. To overcome confirmation bias, we need to loosely take time of day into account and assume every response has occupants on scene. Having a rough idea of who might be home is good to have but it cannot be written in stone and here's why. 

A residential structure could with an attached or detached garage could have the homeowner’s car parked inside (off-day or working from home) or the car could be for all intents and purposes, at a shop getting work done.  

To go further into the example here is more details. The engine company officer decides to DETACH from the initial mindset and dispatch and peak around the exterior of the structure that has a 6-foot privacy fence around the side yard and into the backyard and notices black smoke coming from the basement windows on the "C" side (Charlie side ) of the structure after entering through the fence gate. 

We've identified two areas of concern here. One, we disregarded the confirmation bias of time of day that the potential of no one is home and we identified an unforeseen circumstance based on the initial dispatch of the alarm.  

By detaching from the plan for a moment and taking a step back to question and prove out your initial mindset can oftentimes be the difference between a reactive approach or a proactive approach. The IAP is a great tool to have although we must ensure we are always critically thinking on scene and not simply going through the motions.

Until next time - work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

Dangers of College Rental Properties

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Having a college in your response area can be a source of frustration and try one’s patience. For many new college students this is their first time living on their own and fending for themselves. This often brings an increase in nuisance alarms, medical calls following the first big campus party and a host of other calls for service. However, as trying as it may be, it is important not to become complacent. In a study published by the U.S. Fire Administration it was found 94% of fatal campus fires took place in off-campus housing. This is an alarming statistic we should be aware of. As the cost for college continues to increase more and more students will look to live off campus to save money. Knowing the common dangers found in off campus housing and the tactical considerations to take when responding to emergencies at these locations is critical for any department that has a college in their response area.

Typically, off campus housing owned by the college are required by either local or state building codes to have a higher level of fire protection. This is also true for privately owned rentals that are either listed as college rentals or multiple dwellings. The most dangerous of the off-campus housing are the privately owned rentals that “fly under the radar” of local building departments. The legality of these occupancies varies based on the authority having jurisdiction as well as local and state building codes. These rental properties are usually close to campus and were once privately owned single-family homes. Due to this, these occupancies are rented as a single-family rental. The rental agreement is signed by one individual, but in reality, a group of individuals live in this rental and share the cost. Yet, as far as any documentation shows it is a single person renting a single-family home. This is how these occupancies “fly under the radar” and are not required to have the same level of fire protection as would an occupancy listed as a multiple dwelling.

The traditional ways one can identify a multiple dwelling from the exterior does not hold true in identifying these off-campus houses. These are often single-family homes and are kept to look that way from the outside. They have one meter as opposed to multiple meters, which ordinarily could have been used to determine how many apartments maybe present. The amount of cars present could signify how many people live at the location. However, because these occupancies were once single-family homes there often is not the space to park more than two vehicles. The number of vehicles may also be limited per the rental agreement, street parking regulations or just the simple fact that many college students do not have their own car. The photo below is of a college rental that on paper is a single-family rental. In 2021 it had 15 college students living in it.

On the inside of these residences the layout may remain similar to its original design or be completely changed to accommodate more individuals. One of these common changes is making living spaces that would normally be a dining room or sitting area into bedrooms. This might be done by placing temporary wall partitions or like in the photo below, simply hanging a large curtain. This is important to note because at 2am bypassing the dining room to head directly to the second floor to search bedrooms might have you passing a bedroom.

Bedrooms or rooms with doors tend to be created into single room occupancies (SROs). Each SRO will have an individual lock and could house multiple renters in a tight space. Often, each of these doors will have a hasp on the interior and exterior of the door and a padlock is used. When a renter leaves, they place the lock on the outside, when they are home, they can place it on the interior hasp. Land lords do it this way for cost saving reasons as well as to make it easy on the land lord when renters change. In the middle of the night during an emergency it is going to be very difficult for occupants to find a key and then open the door increasing the likelihood of trapped victims. Crews should also consider taking the appropriate forcible entry tools because doors in most home that would be unlocked will need to be forced in these occupancies.

In this particular building the front door had a keyed lock on the inside which if engaged could inhibit occupant egress. The occupant’s ability to evacuate is a major issue in these rentals. Looking back at the exterior photo of the building the third floor has no second means of egress leaving only a very narrow interior staircase to get up and down. This staircase is also challenging for crews to ascend to complete searches or get a hose line in place.

Common areas are often overloaded with furniture in what many would consider abnormal configurations. Clutter is also a major issue. Packing so many people into small spaces it is almost impossible to avoid. Below are a few examples of conditions found in these rentals. In the first you can see a living room packed with couches. During the week they are pushed together to allow for easier travel between rooms, but over the weekends and at night they are spread out and block entrances in and out of different rooms to allow people to congregate and sit. The next photo shows a bedroom that has not only a bed, but a couch coffee table and dresser all packed into the room. This is a common setup in these bedrooms.

The third picture is of one of the SRO bedrooms. As you can see it is packed with stuff. Another thing to note is the amount of electronics plugged in. Here we see an AC unit, mini fridge, TV, and fan. Multiple this by however many bedrooms there are, and we have a huge electrical hazard. Many of these rental properties are older homes and do not have updated electrical systems or service this is something to keep in mind when going on investigations in these types of properties. Areas like kitchens and bathrooms generally remain unchanged and are shared amongst the renters, but again can be cluttered and unkept. All of which makes searching and advancing handlines more difficult.

Another thing to note is within these rentals there is usually a locked area which is the landlord’s space that the renters do not have access to. Typically, this is the basement or utility rooms. This allows the landlord to have storage space as well as keeps tenants from being able to access the buildings utilities. This being said, gaining access to the building’s utilities may not be easy and interior doors leading to the basement, attic or utility rooms may be locked and have a higher level of security than one would expect. Taking all of this into account is important when responding to incidents at these occupancies. Being aware of the obstacles one might encounter on the interior not only increases firefighter safety, but more importantly civilian survivability. Knowing you will encounter multiple locked interior doors, atypical layouts and high life hazards are all important in making tactical fireground considerations.

William Morrissey has 14 years of fire service experience and is a career firefighter with the Arlington Fire District (NY). He began his career as a volunteer with the Washingtonville (NY) Fire Department. Morrissey is NY State Fire Instructor and New York State certified code enforcement official and has a bachelors is psychology.

Forcing Trident Security Doors

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Higher capacity security doors are becoming more and more prevalent in all commercial and now residential homes for maximum break-in protection. The Trident Multi-Point lock provides a multipoint deadbolt locking mechanism with maximum resistance to break-ins. Here's the breakdown of the Trident system. 

  1. Instant self-locking deadbolt protection on each close or manual locking

  2. 4-point locking system

  3. Anti-pry protection

  4. Maximum door reinforcement kits - door strengthening bars and lower module reinforcement kit

As firefighters sometimes our jobs are going through the door in order to perform our interior fire operations and it is imperative we have an understanding on how to force this type of door should we have no other option or this is our best option for a quick knock on the fire or a rescue effort.

Let’s force the door 

All hand tools approach - IRONS - Method 1 

  1. Starting on the hinge side, using the Adz end of the halligan, gap/crush the door to gain access to the backside of the door by placing the Adz behind the door and begin prying the standalone pin away. By getting the standalone pin out of the way early on will help with the conventional door pop.

  2. Now, attack the lock side of the door starting with the top pin followed by the bottom pin and pry them away.

  3. From here, once the three pins have been pried away, force the center of the door conventionally.

Please note, this will be time consuming and energy depleting. Have a K-12 or spreaders on hand if need be.

All hand tools approach - IRONS - Method 2

  1. Attack the lock side of the door by gaping and crushing the door and start by prying away top pin followed by the bottom pin.

  2. From here, once the two pins have been pried away, force the center of the door conventionally.

  3. The door should go and entry can be made.

From my experience, these doors have been found mostly on rear pharmacy doors and other businesses with highly valuable goods. The best way to approach these doors is to study their makeup and understand their strong and weak links in order to force them in less time and reduce the amount of strain on the crew forcing the door.

Keep your eyes open and stay diligent out there. 

Until next time, work hard, stay safe and live inspired.



Benefits of Stretching

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Unlike athletes firefighters and other first responders don't know when "game time" will be. It could be at 7am or it could be at 11pm but in any case we need to ensure we are at our best when the alarm goes off. As we know, we cannot predict when runs will come in and when they won't but preparation of our bodies before and during shift is just as equally as important as preparing our gear, tools and apparatus. Further, being able to wind down after runs is just as important as preparing for the shift and the potential call volume. This will help prepare the mind and body for work.

So where am I going with this?

I'm going with a focus on stretching. That's right. Stretching.

Stretching, even a short routine, added to your daily routine is a great benefit for overall health and wellness and pays off large dividends. It could be used as a pre-workout or a post-workout routine or both. Stretching can help unwind and release tension after a hectic day or even a long duration run as well as assist in increasing energy levels.

Here are some health benefits to stretching that help can keep you on the path for a long shift in the firehouse and overall better health.

1. Improves flexibility and agility which is important for all firefighters
2. Helps keep a decreased resting heart rate. A health heart is vital for all firefighters
3. Increases the circulation of blood and oxygen to the muscles
4. Helps remove waste from tissues such as lactic acid which is built up during intense exercise. Sometimes causing painful, sore muscles.
5. Helps prevent injuries
6. Increases overall mood and well-being.

Stretching at its best could be used a form of exercise for the body and mind. Keep in mind to only stretch as far as your current level of flexibility and over time the range of motion will gradually increase.

6 Stretches to do everyday to help improve flexibility, blood circulating, oxygen levels, relieve stress and tension. Do all 6, three times for 15-30 seconds each.

  1. Quadricep stretch

  2. Hamstring stretch

  3. Calf raise

  4. Spinal twist

  5. Kneeling hip-flexor

  6. Chest opener

Always remember, before beginning any type of exercise program to consult with your primary physician first.

Side note: As per the 2018 NFPA Journal on firefighter injuries, there was an estimated 58K plus injuries estimated in 2018 and also the lowest since the NFPA has been analyzing this data in 1981. In this report it was noted that the major type of injury during fire ground operations were strains and sprains, which accounted for 38% of all injuries while it accounted for 59% of all non-fire ground injuries.

Until next time; work hard, stay safe & live inspired.


The Engine Company Doorman

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As we know each position on the engine company is an integral role to the success or failure of the job at hand. Each role is unique and plays an important part in the grand scheme. Like chess each firefighter is just as important as the other and how they're utilized is most important. In this case, it's the Door Man. A role that isn't spoken about much and like many departments today, is often times combined with the roles of back-up firefighter due to staffing limitations yet the responsibilities are crucial and play large parts during fires.
Here are some quick tips for the door man.

1. Back-up the hydrant firefighter. Ensure the cross-lay is emptied from the bed or assist with the static lay connection.
2. Know your hose estimates. Should the static lay be used, estimate the amount needed before connecting to the engine (better to go more than not enough)
3. If there is a back-up firefighter, assist in flaking out the line from the front to the back-up firefighter.
4. Prevent kinks in line. Choke doors as the line goes through.
5. Eyes on the structure. Monitor fire conditions at the doorway(s) and/or stairwell(s) and report any deteriorating conditions.
6. Next man up. Should the nozzle firefighter need to be relived, it's your job to step up.

There it is, quick tips for an often overlooked position on the fire ground however a role that plays dividends to the success of the fire suppression team.

Until next time; work hard, stay say & live inspired. 

About the Author

NICHOLAS J. HIGGINS is a firefighter with 17 years in the fire service in Piscataway, NJ, a NJ State certified level 2 fire instructor, a State of New Jersey Advocate for the National Fallen Firefighter’s Foundation and is the founder/contributor of the Firehouse Tribune website. A martial arts practitioner and former collegiate athlete in baseball, Nick is also a National Exercise & Sports Trainer Association Battle Ropes Instructor, Functional Fitness Instructor and Nutrition Coach. He holds a B.S. in Accounting from Kean University, and a A.A.S in Liberal Arts - Business from Middlesex County College. Nick has spoken at the 2017 & 2018 Firehouse Expo in Nashville, TN as well as at numerous fire departments within NJ and fire service podcasts.