What Gets Measured Gets Managed in the Fire Service

In the fire service, this principle emphasizes that by tracking and evaluating specific metrics, departments can improve performance, increase safety, allocate resources efficiently, and enhance community service. But it also comes with the caveat: measure the wrong thing, and you may manage the wrong priorities.

Speaking of measurements, let's briefly discuss NFPA 1710 and its impact on setting benchmarks for response times. NFPA 1710 is a standard developed by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) that sets performance benchmarks for response times in career fire departments. It defines specific timeframes for each phase of emergency response—from the initial call receipt to the stabilization of the incident. The main objective of the standard is to promote effective and timely emergency response to protect public safety, providing clear guidelines on staffing levels and operational timelines.

Factors that may affect response time are geographic layout, traffic conditions, staffing levels, equipment readiness and call volume.

The 2020 edition of NFPA 1710 introduced key updates to reflect the evolving demands on modern fire departments. One major change was an increased emphasis on emergency medical services (EMS), acknowledging the growing number of medical calls. The standard now requires EMS units to arrive within 8 minutes, 90% of the time, underscoring the critical need for timely medical response.

Another significant revision includes detailed response benchmarks based on occupancy types—such as high-rise buildings, single-family homes, and open-air strip malls—ensuring departments tailor resource deployment to specific incident scenarios with greater scalability and adaptability.

The updated standard also expanded crew size recommendations, particularly for high-risk or complex incidents, to improve firefighter safety and operational efficiency. In addition, it addressed emerging technologies, encouraging the adoption of tools like digital communication systems and real-time tracking to enhance coordination and situational awareness.

Overall, the 2020 updates strengthen NFPA 1710 as a comprehensive, modern framework designed to support effective emergency response and meet public safety expectations.

Below are key areas not specifically impacted by NFPA 1710 but areas of management that departments can identify to improve performance, increase safety, allocate resources efficiently, and enhance community service.

Response Times

Measured: Time from dispatch to arrival on scene.

Managed: Departments may adjust station locations, shift staffing, or invest in traffic preemption systems to reduce response times.

Example: A department notices longer response times in a growing suburban area. By tracking this consistently, leadership advocates for a new station in that zone to improve coverage.

Call Processing Time: No more than 64 seconds, 95% of the time.

Turnout Time: Firefighters should be suited and in their apparatus within 80 seconds for fire responses and 60 seconds for EMS calls.

Travel Time: First responders should arrive on the scene within 240 seconds (4 minutes) for fire suppression and EMS incidents, 90% of the time.

Call Volume by Type and Location

Measured: Number of EMS, fire, hazmat, and false alarm calls per area.

Managed: Resources (staffing, apparatus, training) are tailored to meet actual demand.

Example: If 80% of calls are EMS-related, the department may prioritize EMT training and consider deploying smaller, faster response vehicles for medical calls.

Firefighter Injuries and Near Misses

Measured: Frequency, type, and causes of injuries or close calls.

Managed: Safety protocols, PPE standards, and training are improved based on trends.

Example: A spike in ladder-related injuries leads to updated SOPs and targeted training sessions.

Training Hours and Competency

Measured: Training hours completed per firefighter, and performance on practical assessments.

Managed: Ensures compliance with standards (e.g., NFPA), identifies gaps, and supports skill development.

Example: If quarterly evaluations show low performance in RIT (Rapid Intervention Team) drills, the department schedules additional hands-on and classroom training to assist in improving RIT performance.

Fire Prevention Activities

Measured: Number of inspections, public education sessions, or code violations found.

Managed: Prevention programs and staffing are adjusted to reduce fire risk.

Example: Data shows increased violations in commercial kitchens, prompting a targeted inspection blitz and education campaign.

Community Risk Reduction (CRR)

Measured: Data on fire incidents, demographics, and high-risk properties.

Managed: Outreach and mitigation strategies are focused on vulnerable populations or high-risk buildings.

Example: Elderly residents in a mobile home park experience frequent cooking fires. The department installs stovetop fire suppressors and offers safety classes.

The Caution: Measure What Matters

If a department only measures response time, it might push crews to speed at the cost of safety. If it only tracks number of calls, it may ignore quality of service or fire prevention success. That’s why contextual, balanced measurement is key.

In the fire service, measuring the right things leads to better management—more effective responses, safer firefighters, better-trained personnel, and stronger community outcomes. But success depends not just on measuring, but on measuring what truly matters to mission effectiveness and public safety.

Until next time - work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

Engine Work Beyond the Nozzle: Responsibilities You Can't Overlook

When most firefighters think of engine company work, the first image that comes to mind is the nozzle firefighter—charging through smoke and extinguishing fire. But the reality is, that success doesn't happen without the silent choreography behind it. From securing the water supply to managing pump pressures, advancing hose lines, and supporting searches, engine company operations are a team effort where every position plays a pivotal role. Overlooking these responsibilities weakens the entire operation. In this article, we'll break down the often-overlooked tasks that make up the backbone of solid engine work because great fireground performance starts with mastering the basics beyond the nozzle.

Hydrant Operations and Water Supply

A fire attack is only as strong as its water source. That's why securing a reliable supply is one of the most critical and often underestimated tasks in engine company operations. The hydrant firefighter must act quickly, decisively, and with precision. From choosing the right hydrant to ensuring it's flushed and fully open, every step affects the engine's ability to deliver consistent water to the nozzle.

There's also an art to laying in: whether the officer calls for a forward lay or the engine company chauffeur (ECC) sets up a reverse lay, the decision should be based on distance, terrain, and available staffing. A sloppy stretch or a missed hydrant can delay the attack or leave crews vulnerable if the initial tank water runs dry. Hydrant operations may not be glamorous, but they are the lifeline of the fireground. Trust between the control firefighter and the pump operator is non-negotiable. It's a bond that keeps water flowing and crews safe inside.

Pump Operations and ECC Responsibilities

The engine company chauffeur is the engine company's nerve center, quietly controlling the fire attack's heartbeat. While firefighters inside are battling heat and smoke, the operator is outside, ensuring they have exactly what they need: the correct pressure, flow, and uninterrupted water. Mastering the pump panel goes far beyond knowing what lever to pull. It requires a deep understanding of friction loss, nozzle requirements, elevation changes, and how each impacts flow dynamics.

Equally important is apparatus positioning. A few feet too far from the hydrant or an awkward angle to the structure can slow down operations and compromise safety. The operator must constantly monitor multiple lines, anticipate water needs, and remain adaptable if conditions change. This isn't a "set it and forget it" role; it's an active, high-responsibility position that demands calm under pressure and ongoing training. When the crew inside hits a snag, they look to the operator to keep the system strong. A sharp operator isn't just pushing buttons. They're the support system for the engine company's operation.

Line Advancement and Support Firefighters

Photo: Kyle Lutz - IG: Kyle_Lutz937

Behind every effective nozzle firefighter is a team making that push possible. The backup and control positions are the unsung heroes of interior operations tasked with keeping the line moving, managing slack, clearing kinks, and maintaining communication throughout the advance. A charged hose line is heavy, unforgiving, and easily hung up on doorways, furniture, or staircases. Without solid support, even the best nozzle firefighter can be rendered ineffective.

The backup firefighter works directly behind the nozzle, helping absorb recoil and ensure the stream stays steady and directed. Further down the line, the control firefighter manages the hose outside the structure or at the entry point, feeding slack, clearing snags, and adjusting as the team advances. When these roles are correctly completed, the attack is smooth and efficient. When they're neglected, the line stalls, water flow is compromised, and momentum is lost. Line advancement is a full-team effort built on trust, timing, and technique.

Forcible Entry and Search Support

While truck companies are traditionally tasked with forcible entry and search, engine crews must be ready to step into those roles, especially when arriving first or operating without immediate truck support. Gaining access quickly can mean the difference between rescue and recovery, and it falls on the engine to make it happen when time is critical. Every firefighter on the engine should be proficient with basic forcible entry tools like the irons, a set of hydraulic tools, or a K-tool. Knowing how to force a door efficiently and without excessive damage is a skill that pays dividends in both speed and safety.

Beyond entry, engine crews often assist in primary search operations, especially when the truck company is delayed or stretched thin. That means understanding search techniques, maintaining orientation, and coordinating with other crews to avoid redundancy or missed areas. Being an engine firefighter doesn't excuse someone from developing truck-based skills; it reinforces their versatility. Fire doesn't wait for perfect assignments, and the best engine companies are ready for anything, from entry to overhaul.

Overhaul and Secondary Duties

Photo: Kyle Lutz - IG: Kyle_Lutz937

Once the fire is knocked, the work is far from over, and engine companies play a significant role in what happens next. Overhaul is more than just breaking things apart; it's a methodical search for smoldering materials and hidden pockets of fire. Engine crews should approach overhaul with the same urgency and attention to detail as the initial attack. Thermal imaging cameras, hand tools, and charged lines remain in play as firefighters peel back ceilings, walls, and flooring to ensure complete extinguishment.

Beyond overhaul, engine firefighters often assist in ventilation, salvage, and even support operations for fire investigation. Protecting property, preserving evidence, and creating safer working environments are all part of the job. These secondary duties might not carry the same adrenaline rush as the push to the seat of the fire, but they are essential to a complete operation. A disciplined engine company doesn't pack up after the fire is extinguished. They stay until the scene is truly secure.

Accountability and Communication

A disciplined engine company isn't just effective; they're accountable. Maintaining crew integrity on the fireground is non-negotiable. Every member should know who they're working with, their assignment, and where they should be. This starts with a solid riding assignment system and continues with ongoing verbal and visual check-ins during the operation. When the smoke thickens and chaos builds, accountability becomes the anchor that keeps firefighters safe and commanders informed.

Clear, concise communication bridges what's happening inside and the decisions being made outside. Engine crews must be proficient on the radio, not just in knowing how to use it but also in knowing what to say, when to say it, and how to make transmissions useful. Communication should be intentional and timely, whether relaying progress on the line, requesting water, reporting hazards, or calling for relief. In an environment where seconds count, and conditions evolve rapidly, strong communication and crew discipline separates a smooth operation from a dangerous one.

Training and Company Drills

Engine company excellence doesn't happen by chance. It's built through consistent, realistic training. Every firefighter should be cross-trained in nozzle work, hydrant hookup, pump operations, and support roles. That way, when staffing is tight, or assignments shift on the fly, the crew can adapt without hesitation. Training should go beyond pulling lines in a parking lot; it must reflect real-world challenges such as tight hallways, long stretches, cluttered interiors, low visibility, and water supply issues.

Regular company drills help build rhythm and trust. They refine communication, reinforce expectations, and expose weaknesses before they become problems on the fireground. Even simple evolutions like dry stretching lines, simulating kinks, or working on pump calculations can sharpen skills and boost crew confidence. The best engine companies train as they fight purposefully, frequently, and with pride in their craft. Because when things go wrong on the scene, the training keeps the crew moving forward.

Available for the Next Assignment

Engine company operations are often judged by what happens at the nozzle, but that's only part of the picture. From securing water to running the pump, advancing the line, forcing doors, and overhauling the scene, every role is essential to a successful fireground outcome. A nozzle firefighter may take the fight to the fire, but they're only as effective as the crew supporting them. The engine company operates as a true team when each position is valued, trained for, and executed with pride.

Fireground success doesn't rely on heroics—it relies on consistency, preparation, and accountability. Great engine companies understand that excellence lives in the details and that the real work often happens outside the spotlight. Master the fundamentals, respect every assignment, and remember that engine work is more than just the nozzle. It's a coordinated effort that starts before the first drop of water hits the fire.

Understanding FDC's for Fire Suppression Operations

Fire Department Connections (FDCs) play a critical role in fire suppression operations. In this article we will discuss its function, operational issues, and troubleshooting tips, emphasizing the importance of knowing the system and maintaining a proactive approach in fireground operations.

Primary Function and Role of FDCs:

The main function of an FDC is to provide a reliable means for the fire department to supplement water to sprinkler or standpipe systems. When the fire department pumps water into the FDC, it is introduced into the building's fire suppression system (sprinkler or standpipe) to maintain water pressure and flow, especially during large-scale incidents.

The FDC plays a critical role in fireground operations. The FDC is essential for fire departments to ensure an adequate water supply, particularly in cases where the system might be compromised, such as in large fires with many active sprinkler heads or issues with sectional valves. FDCs can come in various forms, including polished chrome, brass, or red-painted devices. They're generally located on the exterior of buildings, though they can also be found remotely (e.g., on lawns or parking lots).

Types:

The FDC could be for a standpipe, sprinkler system, or both. Proper signage is crucial to identifying the type of system being supported (sprinkler, standpipe, or combined).

Connection Types:

FDCs typically have a siamese connection with two 2 ½-inch intake valves, but in some cases, they may have a larger connection (e.g., 4- or 5-inch stortz connection).

Common Operational Challenges:

FDCs can sometimes have debris inside the female connection or suffer from mechanical issues such as a damaged swivel connection. This can lead to difficulties in connecting hoses or achieving proper water flow. If the FDC is damaged, alternative tactics like connecting to the standpipe discharge outlet or using adapters may be required to achieve adequate water supply.

Hydraulic Considerations and Pumping Operations:

Water Pressure: Pumping operations typically start by securing a reliable water supply and ensuring the pumper is operating at 150 psi. For multi-stage pumps, the volume stage should be used initially. It's important to account for friction losses, typically 5 psi per floor, with additional losses for the sprinkler or standpipe system itself. This ensures the pump delivers adequate pressure and flow.

Strategic Positioning:

Apparatus should be positioned as close to the hydrant as possible, ideally no more than 100 feet from the FDC, to avoid unnecessary pressure loss.

Pre-Planning and Familiarity with the Area:

Firefighters should become familiar with the FDCs in their districts, knowing where they are located, which systems they serve, and the closest water supply. This knowledge is invaluable during an emergency response.

Pre-incident planning must include FDC connections. By incorporating FDC knowledge into pre-plans, crews can be more efficient during response, ensuring quicker and more effective deployment of resources.

Maintenance and Preparedness:

Regular inspection and maintenance of FDCs are crucial to ensure that the system operates as intended during a fire event. This includes checking caps, connections, and ensuring the absence of debris. Carrying spare parts, such as male caps and gaskets, can be helpful in addressing common issues on the fireground, such as malfunctioning valves or damaged connections.

The FDC is a critical yet often overlooked component of firefighting operations. A solid understanding of its function, proper use, and common challenges can significantly enhance a fire department's ability to deliver water to a building's fire suppression system during an emergency. Ensuring that all personnel are familiar with FDC locations, equipped with the necessary tools, and capable of troubleshooting potential issues will help improve operational efficiency.

A proactive approach to FDC use and a well-integrated pre-plan can make a significant difference in firefighting operations, particularly in large buildings or complex structures. By incorporating these practices into daily routines, fire departments can improve response times and reduce the likelihood of water supply failures during critical incidents.

Until next time - work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

Fire Dynamics & Situational Awareness for Operational Success on the Fire Ground

Strong decision-making, supported by situational awareness, is indeed the cornerstone of ensuring both operational success and crew safety on the fireground. Let us break down and emphasize the key points of why understanding fire dynamics is critical for situational awareness.

• Timely and Informed Decisions

• Situational Awareness and Its Role in Decision-Making

• Fire Behavior and Building Construction

• Trust and Clarity in Leadership

• The Integration of Knowledge and Action

• Building Trust Through Consistency

Timely and Informed Decisions

Leaders in the fire service are responsible for making critical decisions under intense pressure, often with limited information and time. The ability to gather relevant data quickly, analyze it, and make sound decisions is what separates effective leaders from those who struggle in high-pressure situations. These decisions impact the lives of firefighters and the success of the mission, making the responsibility even more significant.

Situational Awareness and Its Role in Decision-Making

Situational awareness is a dynamic process where leaders continuously assess their environment, understand evolving risks, and predict potential outcomes. This skill allows leaders to make decisions that are not only timely but also anticipate the consequences of their actions. It's not just about reacting to what's happening in the moment, it's about predicting what might come next and making decisions that mitigate risk and enhance safety.

Fire Behavior and Building Construction

A thorough understanding of fire behavior — such as heat, smoke, and gas movement —coupled with knowledge of building construction is critical in making informed decisions on the fireground. Leaders who can read these indicators effectively can assess risks like structural collapse or flashover, which are vital to protecting their crews.

Trust and Clarity in Leadership

Trust is foundational in any leadership role, but in the fire service, it’s life-and-death. When firefighters know that their leader has the knowledge and confidence to make sound decisions, they are more likely to follow orders and work cohesively as a team. The clarity that comes from a leader’s decisions reassures the team and reduces the potential for confusion in high-stress situations.

The Integration of Knowledge and Action

The integration of all this knowledge — fire behavior, situational awareness, building construction — must happen quickly. In a fire environment, things change fast, and decisions must be made with speed and accuracy. Leaders who can combine their understanding of these factors with fast, clear decision-making can maintain control of the scene and navigate unpredictable challenges effectively.

Building Trust Through Consistency

As mentioned, leaders who consistently demonstrate the ability to make informed decisions based on situational awareness and a deep understanding of fire behavior will earn the trust of their team. This trust is crucial because without it, a leader may find their authority undermined, which can have serious consequences during a fireground operation.

In essence, leadership in the fire service is about more than making quick decisions about informed, strategic decisions that safeguard lives and ensure the success of the mission. The leader’s ability to combine their understanding of situational awareness, fire behavior, and building dynamics, while maintaining trust and clarity, will directly impact the safety and effectiveness of their crew. The pressure is immense, but the reward is equally profound ensuring everyone goes home safely and that the mission is successfully carried out. As fire service leaders, decision-making is a key leadership tool and it’s clear that leaders must continually develop these skills to maintain a high level of effectiveness and trust within their teams.

Understanding Forcible Entry at Residential Structure Fires

Firefighters face numerous challenges when responding to residential structure fires, and one of the most critical skills required in such situations is forcible entry. This technique enhances firefighters' safety and increases the chances of saving lives and minimizing property damage. Understanding the methods, tools, and protocols involved in forcible entry can significantly impact the effectiveness of fire response efforts.

The Nature of Residential Fires

Residential fires pose a significant and immediate threat, often igniting with alarming speed and escalating rapidly. A small flame can spread in as little as 30 seconds, creating a more substantial fire and making swift action critical. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) reports that a fire department is dispatched to a house fire every 87 seconds in the United States. This equals out to a little over 358 thousand house fires a year. This constant demand underscores the urgency and prevalence of fire-related emergencies. Given the time-sensitive nature of these situations, firefighters face immense pressure to make rapid and informed decisions upon arrival. One of their first critical tasks is determining the optimal entry point into the burning structure. This assessment should be conducted quickly and effectively, especially when doors or windows are locked, obstructed by debris, or otherwise rendered unable to open through conventional means. Overcoming these obstacles is paramount to rescuing occupants, suppressing the fire, and minimizing property damage. Ultimately, the effectiveness of a firefighter's initial entry significantly impacts the outcome of a residential fire.

The Importance of Forcible Entry

When firefighters arrive at the scene of a structure fire, the situation's urgency dictates their primary objectives. Their foremost tasks are to rescue any occupants trapped within the burning building, effectively extinguish the fire, and prevent it from spreading to adjacent structures, which could complicate the incident. To achieve these critical goals efficiently and effectively, gaining access to the building becomes prominent. Forcible entry into a structure facilitates several crucial operations integral to the overall success of firefighting efforts.

Facilitate Rescue Operations: One of the most pressing concerns in any fire emergency is the safety and well-being of individuals trapped inside. Forcible entry should be performed quickly and efficiently. Quick entry can often make the difference between life and death, as it minimizes the time individuals are exposed to life-threatening smoke, heat, and flames.

Control the Fire: The quicker firefighters engage with the flames, the better they can limit the damage. Forcible entry allows firefighters to attack the fire directly, allowing them to initiate suppression efforts from the structure's interior rather than attacking from the outside and potentially missing fire areas. This proactive approach is crucial in mitigating damage to the structure and its contents and protecting the surrounding areas from catching fire.

Ventilate the Structure: When firefighters gain access through forcible entry, they can establish critical ventilation paths to alleviate the buildup of smoke and heat within the structure. Opening windows and doors or creating specific ventilation points improves the conditions inside. This enhanced airflow not only aids in the rescue effort by making it easier for those trapped to breathe but also increases the effectiveness of fire suppression activities. By controlling smoke movement, firefighters can more easily identify the seat of the fire and effectively extinguish it.

Common Techniques for Forcible Entry

These methods can generally be categorized into three main types: mechanical entry, hydraulic entry, and thermal entry. Each category encompasses various techniques and tools that firefighters utilize depending on the circumstances they encounter.

1. Mechanical Entry

Mechanical entry is the most common form of forcible entry and primarily involves the use of hand tools. These tools are straightforward but effective, allowing firefighters to create entry points into buildings quickly and efficiently. Several key tools are frequently employed in this category:

• Ax and Sledgehammer: These standard tools are essential for breaking through doors or windows. The ax can be used for chopping and piercing, while the sledgehammer provides the power to deliver forceful blows, shattering barriers that might otherwise impede access.

• Halligan Bar: Known for its versatility, the Halligan bar combines a pry bar, claw, and spike all in one tool. This multifunctional tool allows firefighters to gain leverage and effectively pop open doors, making it invaluable when quick access is necessary.

• Irons: This term generally combines a Halligan bar and a flathead axe. The combination allows firefighters to perform a wide range of forcible entry tasks, from prying open doors to widening gaps for access. Their dual functionality makes irons a staple in the firefighting toolkit.

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2. Hydraulic Entry

Firefighters turn to hydraulic entry techniques when mechanical tools are insufficient or when faced with incredibly sturdy barriers. Hydraulic tools, such as a Rabbit Tool or

"bunny tool," enables firefighters to force entry into doors designed to withstand impact. The bunny tool is not typically necessary for single-family homes, where access is easily managed by the residents. However, it can be a valuable asset for taxpayer buildings or urban apartment complexes with numerous units and complex access requirements. In these environments, the bunny tool could streamline emergency access for first responders. Allowing for quick entry with minimal damage can save time and resources. However, it is crucial to note that the bunny tool is specifically designed for inward-facing doors. Its effectiveness depends entirely on this door orientation and will not function on doors that swing outward.

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3. Thermal Entry

Firefighters may resort to thermal entry techniques in specific scenarios where traditional physical entry tools may prove ineffective or cumbersome. These methods involve the use of heat-based tools to breach barriers. A couple of key techniques that fall under thermal entry include:

• Sawing: Firefighters can employ reciprocating saws fitted with specialized blades that can cut through various materials, including wood, metal, and reinforced structures. This method allows them to create necessary openings in walls or to breach fortified entry points, enabling them to access affected areas swiftly.

• Torching: In some cases, cutting torches are utilized to breach metal doors or barriers. This method is beneficial when other tools fail to provide adequate access, allowing for rapid penetration through rigid materials using a focused and intense heat source.

Challenges of Forcible Entry

Time Constraints: One of the most pressing challenges in forcible entry is the time constraint firefighters operate under. The need for rapid action can lead to rushed decisions, which poses risks not only to the firefighters themselves but also to any victims who may be trapped inside the structure. The pressure heightens the stakes, emphasizing the importance of rapid yet calculated responses.

Structural Integrity: As fire spreads throughout a building, it can significantly compromise its structural integrity. Firefighters need to be aware that the materials that once provided support may weaken under intense heat. Accordingly, they must make judicious assessments about the stability of the structure before breaching entry points. This often requires a keen understanding of architectural design and damage assessment to avoid situations that could lead to partial or complete collapses, putting rescuers and victims at risk.

Access Points: Modern structures increasingly utilize fortified doors, sophisticated locking mechanisms, and advanced security systems to deter unauthorized access. Such innovations pose additional obstacles for firefighters during forcible entry, as traditional methods of breaking down doors or windows may not suffice. Firefighters must be well-versed in various locks, hinges, and security devices.

Training and Preparedness: Given the complexities involved in forcible entry, continuous training on what most would consider a "basic skill" is needed. Fire departments must prioritize regular drills that simulate various forcible entry scenarios under diverse conditions. These training exercises provide firefighters with invaluable experience, enabling them to develop the necessary muscle memory to execute effective forcible entry tactics correctly and safely. This preparation enhances their skills and instills confidence in their ability to handle high-pressure situations.

Conclusion

Forcible entry during structure fires is a vital component of firefighting that necessitates quick decision-making, rigorous physical skill, and thoughtful strategic planning. As building construction evolves, so must the methods and tools available to firefighters. Continuous education, training, and heightened awareness are critical to equipping firefighters to confront the challenges inherent in forcible entry situations. Whether opening a locked door or navigating a smoke-filled corridor, each successful forcible entry contributes to the collective effort to protect and save lives from the effects of fire.

Attacking and Defeating the Hockey Puck Lock

Being a firefighter, we have various challenged consistently thrown at us and as such it is our job to defeat and overcome them.

As businesses and homeowners look to ramp up their security systems with more cameras around the perimeters and such, it is very common for high security locks to be added to various entrance points of the structure. The mindset is to make the structure as different as possible for criminals to enter and this trickles into making it more difficult for firefighters to make entry should an emergency arise that we need to get to.

When we think about gaining entry to a structure, we know it is something we must train on and something we must be proficient in. So, challenge accepted. Since as firefighters, there is no challenge we cannot overcome - or at least think we cannot overcome. The kitchen table is where we solve all the world's problems.

The challenge of this article is to list out various methods of forcible entry in defeating The American 2000 lock also known as "The Hockey Puck Lock".

This lock is found is a variety of places and sometimes may show up when you least expect it. Typically found on roll up doors on commercial occupancies, these locks can also be found on commercial garage doors, basement doors (Bilco doors) and box trucks.

Due to its round shape, this lock puts the keyway and pin & shackle within the body of the lock itself. By this design, it is created to cause difficulties for criminals to cut the shackle and gain entry.

Here are a few ways to attack and overcome the hockey puck lock

Method #1 - Attack the lock (no guard)

The lock could be attached to some kind of heavy-duty door or gate and quickly being able to identify if there is a guard around the lock or not will determine if you will be attack the lock itself or go through other means. For this method, we will go through the lock itself since there is no guard around the lock.

The quickest and most efficient way in attacking the lock is to use a standard pipe wrench (many truck companies have these in the cab or tool compartment of the rig) and get a solid bite on the lock with the wrench. From there, you simply pry downward with the wrench, breaking the hasp eye.

American 2000 (hockey puck) Lock Hasp

Method #2 - Through the Lock (with guard)

Hockey Puck Lock with Guard

Many of these locks will have a guard around them protecting the lock and therefore preventing the use of a wrench or striking down the lock by other means.

In this case, when faced with a guard around the lock, it is best to cut through the lock itself. For this method, it is best to use a rotary saw equipped with a metal blade.

• Locate the keyway

• Cut about three-quarters up the lock, opposite of the keyway

• Cut completely through the lock and guard

This should damage the hasp and enable the lock to be removed from the door or gate.

For those unfamiliar with this type of lock, it could be a daunting task to complete. However, take time during pre-planning and non-fire incidents in occupancies to locate these types of locks and add them to your pre-incident size-up and practice these methods of entry with the crew. A few minutes breaking locks will save precious minutes on the fire ground figuring out how to get through it.

Until next time - work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

Electric Vehicle Fire Considerations for Second Due Company Response

Due to the nature and potential duration of a fire involving an electric vehicle, the second due company, whether it be a rescue or squad company play a vital role in the strategies and tactics of fire suppression operations.

Here are a few considerations for second due companies in response to an electric car fire.

• Upon arrival and not completed, establish a delineated Hot Zone and ensure all personnel are in full PPE and donned with their SCBA and on air.

• Consider ventilation. The buildup of vapors from an EV are potentially toxic, flammable and explosive. If deemed safe, the second due engine should consider and attempt to open two doors of the vehicle to allow and prevent buildup of vapors.

• Attempt to shut down the high voltage system of the EV, if it is not already on fire.

• Provide access for the suppression team to the location of the battery in order for water to be applied directly on it. This will help cool the battery and prevent thermal runaway.

• Ways to open the vehicle for access to the battery depending its location

• Remove the doors and rear seat top

• Open and remove the trunk lid

• Tilt the vehicle for access to the floor batteries. Consider using air bags, spreaders and cribbing, a comealong or winch to do so.

The main purpose of the second due company for electric vehicle fires is to provide safety for all personnel on scene and work in obtaining access to the EV battery location to help prevent further thermal runaway. Since cooling these batteries could take up to 30 minutes or more, it is vital there is a dedicated company on scene working to identifying and gaining access to this crucial piece of the vehicle.

Key Terms

High Voltage

For automotive applications, any voltage greater than 30 volts alternating current, or AC, or 60 volts direct current, or DC, is considered to be a high or hazardous voltage due to the potential to produce serious injury or death due to electric shock. Electric drive systems on commercial vehicles can operate at voltages as high as 800 volts, both AC and DC, and can produce peak currents as high as 100 amps, which make contact with high voltage components even more dangerous.

High Voltage Cables

Visible orange cables are another indication that a vehicle has a high voltage system. That is because there is a voluntary Society of Automotive Engineers, or SAE, recommended practice that specifies that all high voltage cables have an orange outer covering. While voluntary, this practice has been adopted by virtually all manufacturers.

Until next time, work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

When to Detach from the Plan

In theory, our strategies and tactics for our incident action plan are developed based on our 360-degree size-up. In reality, our strategies and tactics of our incident action plan are developed based on many variables - the pre-incident size-up, the alarm size-up, the on-scene size-up and the post-incident (after action review) size-up. All these variables are covered in chapter 3 of my book, "The 5-Tool Firefighter" in greater detail. For purposes of this article, I am highlighting them for other purposes.

The pre-incident size-up

 The pre-incident size-up is the first and best place to begin putting our IAP together by collecting as much important and relevant information of the structure as we possibly can and therefore beginning to build our "gameplans" and try them out in training. During this size-up, we can locate and note the following:

1. Construction type

2. Interior space size

3. Containment areas

4. Stairwells and elevators

5. FDC hookups

6. Solar Panels

Note: variables change based on the type of construction and type of occupancy you are pre-planning. These six items are only a sample of what we could look to identify during a pre-planning.

The alarm size-up

During the alarm size-up this is where firefighters and fire officers should start considering the variables taken during the pre-incident size-up. On the way to the alarm, things to look into are as follows:

1. Location of the structure

2. Type of occupancy

3. Current apparatus staffing

4. Weather conditions and time of day (loosely)

5. Apparatus placement (think water supply/aerial operations)

These areas will lead into building the strategies and tactics for our IAP for this particular alarm. Now comes the on-scene.

The on-scene size-up

This is where the pre-planning and alarm size-ups are put to work. All our work identifying key areas of consideration and training are now put to the test. In reality, it is where we are provided with much more information specific to the alarm, confirming our variables during the alarm size-up, such as building construction, type of occupancy and location.

 Here is where more in-depth size-ups will take place not only at the command level but at each company level. Firefighters of truck and engine companies will now begin going inside the structure and taking note of the area under a different light and different conditions and relaying their findings back to the incident commander. This information being done at the company level will now allow the IC (incident commander) to make fire ground decisions that’s are prioritized for a safe and efficient outcome. This process continues until command is terminated.

Post-incident size-up

Once we've returned to the station and cleared up, it is imperative that we begin to discuss what went right and wrong on the incident, no matter the severity of the incident. This helps firefighter and fire officers strive to improve on their strengths and weaknesses of their job and strive to be as successful as possible.

Things to consider:

1. What did we expect to happen?

2. What actually happened?

3. What went well and why?

4. What can we improve upon and how? 

Looking at these four areas of size-up, we need to understand one thing. Our incident action plan that is designed to assist is can also hurt us. Well, how is that possible? We have pre-planned, sized-up on alarms, trained on scenarios for this type of occupancy, we did everything? What would hurt us?

What could hurt us is by sticking to the script of the IAP. What do I mean by that? Unforeseen circumstances and confirmation bias.

The outcome of the incident is initiated in our thought process before we develop any strategies or tactics of the incident. In order to develop strategies and tactics we first must identify our outcome. Makes total sense right? We cannot plan for an outcome we do not have in mind.

Our confirmation bias also agrees but here is the caveat. We cannot identify areas of concern if we simply go off an incident action plan without detaching ourselves from the plan for a moment. Meaning, we use our IAP as a guide but also take the time to look around for key areas that we are predisposed to instantly ignore.

Here is an example. 

We prepare our alarm size-up and look at the time of day. For example, Engine 2 is responding to a fire alarm activation at 234 Sesame Street on a Tuesday at roughly 1400 hours. It is a 2-story residential wood frame structure and normally at this time the family is either working and/or at school. 

Initially we are thinking this could be a faulty smoke detector activation or maybe someone is home and it's burnt food on the stove. However, upon arrival we see no signs of "life" at the residence. There are no cars in the driveway or at the curb and no homeowner waiting for us. Right here, our confirmation has proven correct. No one is home and a faulty detector went off. 

We immediately considered that because of the time of day with no activity at home upon arrival and the lack of cars visible to us, it must appear no one is home. 

Now let's detach from that mindset for a moment. 

We automatically assumed based on the time of day and day of week no one would be home however, that simply cannot be the case. To overcome confirmation bias, we need to loosely take time of day into account and assume every response has occupants on scene. Having a rough idea of who might be home is good to have but it cannot be written in stone and here's why. 

A residential structure could with an attached or detached garage could have the homeowner’s car parked inside (off-day or working from home) or the car could be for all intents and purposes, at a shop getting work done.  

To go further into the example here is more details. The engine company officer decides to DETACH from the initial mindset and dispatch and peak around the exterior of the structure that has a 6-foot privacy fence around the side yard and into the backyard and notices black smoke coming from the basement windows on the "C" side (Charlie side ) of the structure after entering through the fence gate. 

We've identified two areas of concern here. One, we disregarded the confirmation bias of time of day that the potential of no one is home and we identified an unforeseen circumstance based on the initial dispatch of the alarm.  

By detaching from the plan for a moment and taking a step back to question and prove out your initial mindset can oftentimes be the difference between a reactive approach or a proactive approach. The IAP is a great tool to have although we must ensure we are always critically thinking on scene and not simply going through the motions.

Until next time - work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

The Importance of the 360 Size-Up

The importance of performing a 360 size up makes a huge difference in the operation of a structure. Keep in mind size up can be performed by simply walking around your first due area and checking out new construction. Let’s look at some simple factors I came across in a new residential community.

Picture #1

• Two story wood frame single family home

• Appears it could be balloon frame (although weird for new construction)

• Only one door is in plain sight

• Bottom window of the 1/2 corner is a bit raised appearing there may be a basement level or storage area below

Picture #2

• House is actually a three story residential

• Basement is designed to be fully furnished

• Basement level could possibly be used as an apartment (could cause a hazard if the stairway between the basement and first floor is illegally blocked for privacy)

• Two additional means of egress located off the first floor balcony on the #2 side and the basement level door

• From the rear it’s clear it’s not balloon frame

Again, just a few small factors to hit on. Do you notice anything else?

Beware The Red Label

Keep yours eyes open for red labels on electrical equipment and conduits as this is an indication of the presence of solar panels. This can present a hazard on the fire ground for a few reasons but one of the biggest is that the system probably won't be fully deenergized.

It took me a bit to find the solar panels where this picture was taken but I knew they were there because of the labels. It's a convenience store and the picture shows the equipment on the store building. The solar panels are located on the canopy over the gas pumps. I was caught off guard when the solar panels and associated equipment were not on the same structure. The way the canopy roof slopes, the solar panels are not visible from the store.

Let's say you're dispatched to a residential structure with a walk-out basement so there's 2 floors above grade in the front and 3 floors in the back. It's 0300 and you're doing a 360 in the dark. How close are you staying to the structure to evaluate it? You're probably not walking too far into the back yard. Will the rear roof be visible? What if the solar panels look like shingles? Are you going to know solar is there? Maybe, maybe not, but I bet you'd notice the red labels on the associated electrical equipment if you knew about them. Especially since the labels are to be reflective.

Now let's say the presence of solar power is not identified and you're working in the attic of a residential structure. The PV wiring is to be metal clad or run in rigid conduit. Again, it is supposed to be labeled so if you see this you need to report it to command and beware that you're operating around energized electrical lines/equipment. Even if the power has been shut-off, the solar panels and associated wiring will remain energized from the panels to the AC disconnect. It's also possible that the system can't be isolated from the public utility service and remain energized although this is a rare condition.

Once identified, the presence of solar power should be communicated on the radio so all those operating or responding know. Firefighters need to start isolation mitigation while understanding and confirming which parts are actually isolated. By the way, do you know that TAC sticks only work on AC power, not DC, so they won't be able to identify the "hot" side coming from the solar panels?

As always, preplanning is the key to success. Residential systems can be drastically different from commercial systems and residential systems can be drastically different from each other. Do a drill night reviewing a solar install with the home or business owner and the installer to get detailed info about the system. Hopefully you have some type of relationship with your local buildings/codes department to be made aware of these systems and gather valuable information. I'm a proponent of a placarding system to better identify the presence of solar upon arrival at an incident. Newer installations are a little more firefighter friendly as the equipment and codes are updated to improve these systems but legacy systems will present more challenges.

Solar generation systems can be complex and pose a significant hazard on the fireground. It's important for firefighters to be aware of solar generation systems in their first due, understand how they operate, and how to mitigate the associated hazards.

Originally posted at Building Firefighter Development - Beware The Red Label (buildingfirefighters.com)

Outside the Box 360

Performing a 360 upon arrival of a residential structure fire is crucial. Everyone always hits on building construction, type of occupancy, number of floors, and visible fire or smoke.

Did you notice a vehicle in the driveway, indicating someone may be home?

Did you see that the vehicle has a handicap placard on the license plate, indicating the owner may have a disability of some sort?

You walk up to the front door and notice children’s toys in the yard. Do kids live here?

Remember to look at the roof, utility lines connecting the house, solar panels, and satellite dishes. All these things could cause a hazard for crews operating on the scene.

You may arrive on scene and find a lot of clutter in the yard, leading to you assuming there may be hoarding conditions in the residence. We often find ourselves in tunnel vision and not looking at smaller aspects of the scene.

We want to hear from our followers. What are you looking for when you arrive on the scene?

Until next time - work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

The Truck Company Chauffeur

One of the most underrated and highly important firefighters on the truck company is the chauffeur and rightfully so for many reasons (outside vent, ladder operations, forcible entry, size-up). The responsibility of the role goes beyond providing truck company operations to the scene in the form of firefighters, ladders and tools but to also ensure they arrive safely to the scene and from there perform countless tasks on the exterior that are highly critical for the interior and exterior operations of the incident. 

This firefighter is responsible for all things outside of the fire building. 

• Know the response area prior to the alarm. This comes from countless hours of training and pre-incident planning which leads to point number two.

• Know the capabilities of the truck prior to arrival. The chauffeur must be able to determine where the truck is going to position itself at the scene. Oftentimes, it is the front of the building although this could change based on many factors such as, a setback structure, power lines, obstructions, needs of the truck and of course, the scrub zone. 

• Be responsible for or assist in throwing ground ladders to all sides of the structure single handedly as part of a 360 degree on-scene size-up. 

• Take notice of all entry points to the structure (side doors, belco doors) and where they lead. If possible, force the door for incoming crews but close them or leave them slightly cracked open once forced. 

• Identify or assist in identifying the utility shut offs during the 360 size-up

• Assist interior crews. Have a fan near the front door ready to go, if needed by interior crews at their request based on the incident. 

• Get the aerial up prior to it being needed by firefighters inside or outside of the building.

• Monitor all radio traffic for the IC. As we know, transmissions can get missed such as urgent messages and MAYDAYs and helps keep a general idea of where crews are operating inside the structure. 

• SCBA bottle swap. Assist firefighters exiting the structure with swapping out their initial bottle with their new bottle for faster entry back in or for their assistance going to rehab. Every little bit helps the recovery of firefighters working inside.

There are only a few areas a truck company chauffeur could assist with on-scene. Some could be completed by other firefighters on-scene. The list provided is for guidance only and not to be used as a replacement to the procedures set forth by your agency. Use these tips in training as options for limited or low staffing to start. 

Until next time - work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

But Why?

I bet you thought this going to be about trashing this picture but this blog is going to be about why we do what we do. Not only operationally, but as people. By nature, everything and everyone is different. So why do we constantly have problems with differences and why do we have to be so negative about it? Everyone knows the saying "The two things firefighters hate most are change and the way things are". It's a very true statement.

I saw the assemblies pictured above recently and felt the need to get a picture because I didn't like it. Working in engineering and being a firefighter, I was not a fan of the installation. My reaction was to post the pic and give the setup a failing grade.

As I thought about what I was going to write, I started questioning why I felt the need to bash. At the end of the day, does it really matter? Maybe, maybe not. Either way, it's not worth the negativity. And why do I care if it doesn't impact me? I wouldn't expect a rural fire department to use the a major city's SOP's. They wouldn't apply to an area where there's a limited water supply and the tallest buildings are barns. Why would either side trash the way the other does things? It's all perspective

Personally, I would not design this arrangement or approve it's construction but someone did. Maybe they were happy with it or maybe they were directed to show it that way. I don't know so I shouldn't judge. And if it was a poor design, maybe someone learned from it so it didn't get repeated on future projects and the lesson was passed along to younger designers.

As a firefighter, I'm not a fan of this either but, again, that's my opinion. For all I know the local fire department wanted it this way and/or is OK with it. Who am I to judge? If they don't like it, hopefully someone understands why it could be a problem and made sure it didn't get repeated on the next building that was constructed. If they do their job and pre-plan like they should, they've already recognized the issue and have a game plan so they are prepared to deal with it. Problem solved.

I guess the bottom line is that there's enough negativity in the world, so why add to it? Ignorantly, you can just say something like this isn't your problem so who cares. Positively, you can look at it as a learning opportunity and a way to grow. In the end, my opinion doesn't really matter. I could offer some positive suggestions to improve and be polite without being negative. We get so much information from social media. There's a lot of good out there, but there's also a lot of bad. Don't add to the cesspool. Do something positive!

Be Smart - Stay Safe!

Importance of Proper Apparatus Positioning

As the old saying goes, "so goes the first line…so goes the rest of the fire"! With that being said, firefighters must remember this. How we position our apparatus is just as important as how we attack the fire, if not more important. It is imperative the engine company chauffeur and officer know the hose lengths on both the preconnects and static lays. The positioning of the engine is the first tactic done for a proper and strong initial fire attack. Same goes with the truck positioning. Proper positioning of the structure puts the truck at the best advantage for maximum scrub of the aerial for roof operations.

 Positioning an apparatus sounds simple but isn't as cookie cutter as one may think and oftentimes this small step could be misapplied on the fire ground. A miscalculation in the positioning of the apparatus may seem like a minor error in judgement but is also one that is almost impossible to fix and can make or break a scene. How we position our apparatus of any kind, is to do one thing - provide us with the BEST tactical advantage for fire ground operations.

When do we determine or decide where apparatus are positioned on the fire ground?

In short and for starters, during our pre-plan phase or as we could say, the pre-incident size-up. Yes, during this time we look at building construction, potential hazards, understanding interior space, stairwell locations and fire department connections but it is also the best time to consider apparatus placement or at least have an idea of where they will go based on the many factors of the structure.

Here's a few tips to keep in mind when determining apparatus positioning on the fire ground.

• Apparatus positioning should be set up for your best tactical advantage on every call, not just fire.

• Know the area you are responding to.

• Listen to how other apparatus are responding in (direction to the scene) to avoid confusion when arriving.

• Know your apparatus inside and out.

• If you are the truck company, know the engine company role and their best position for the initial stretch

• If you are the engine company, know the truck company role for their best position for aerial setup and maximum scrub. The FRONT of the build is ideal.  

• Train on positioning parallel with your strategies and tactics training.

Keep these tips in mind and train on positioning the apparatus at every scene. Do not park them at the scene.

Until next time, work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

Exposure Protection: The In’s & Out’s

A well trained group of firefighters with a solid foundation of a good coordinated fire attack is critical to the success of fireground operations. Plan and simple. Understanding fire attack as well as fire behavior in particular structures also provides a good understanding of exposure protection. Many firefighters if not all firefighters heard of or know the acronym RECEO VS (Rescue, Exposure, Confine, Extinguish, Overhaul, Ventilate, Salvage) which is a critical thinking tool to assist with our tactical decision making based on the situation at hand. This article will talk about the "E" in RECEO VS - exposure. Something that is oftentimes overlooked. 

One third of our fireground responsibilities is property conservation. If we remember, L.I.P. (life safety, incident stabilization and property conservation). This stands true for interior or exterior exposures. Thorough size ups and a well performed search and location of fire will assist our needs of potential exposures and a way for firefighters to get ahead of the fire. One thing we always want to do, is get ahead of the fire before it gets ahead of us. 

A way to get ahead and hopefully stay ahead of the fire is to establish exposure lines in order to protect fire spread through the means of a secondary line(s). By doing so, we are allowing ourselves to stay ahead of any rapid fire progress and putting ourselves in a position to contain the fires forward progress. Fire can and will advance itself in any and all directions based through various ways.

1. Direct flame contact

2. Radiant heat

3. Convection

4. Embers

5. Heat contained in smoke. 

If we can understand where the fire is going, taking into consideration it's speed, type of structure and location to name a few, we can better position ourselves in front of the fire's flow path and cut off any potential exposure problem. 

Interior exposure considerations 

1. The BOX we are working on (4 walls, 1 ceiling, 1 floor). Heat travels up which makes the floor above the fire one of the most critical areas to protect. Don’t forget to check the floors below. Fire can drop floors just as easily as it can travel up floors.

2. Mushroom Effect. Top floors of a structure have a tendency to collect heat, smoke and products of combustion with nowhere to go. A calculated vent will help with reducing this effect.

3. Common cockloft. A hose line, a few pike poles and a TIC can help alleviate fire spread.

4. Interior design. Based on how the structure is designed can determine how fire will spread. Open floor plans present a great opportunity for fire spread since there is nothing to impede heat to travel and fire to spread. Open floor plans are common in both residential and commercial dwellings. Keep a look out for renovations as well. 

Exterior exposure considerations

1.   Structures on the sides of the fire building.

2.   Structures in front of the fire building

3.   Structures to the rear of the building

Note: exposure problems around the exterior of the fire building could be at risk of absorbing radiant heat, therefore hoselines on the exterior should direct their streams to the structures themselves to help reduce the amount of heat they are absorbing and not spray water in the opening between the structures. By spraying water between structures will still allow radiant heat to be absorbed by the exposed structures. 

A group of well trained firefighters in well trained hose deployment techniques allows us to get ahead of the fire before it gets ahead of us.

Until next time; work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

The Engine Company Chauffeur

Arguably one of the most critical assignments in the fire service is transporting firefighters to and from a call…safely. The firefighters in the back of the cab and the officer riding next to you rely on you to get them there safe and sound. Further, should this be the engine company chauffeur they rely on you to provide them water during fire suppression. Not only do these brother and sister firefighters rely on you, so does the other crews responding as well, the IC, the people who called for help and above all the families of yourself and your crew your chauffeuring to the call. If you want to be a chauffeur or are currently one here's a few tips I've learned and utilized when driving the engine.

1. Know your apparatus inside and out. Knowing where tools are, how to operate all equipment and how to maintain the apparatus go a long way. This tells the crew you're confident in your job and can support them while they're at work should anything go bad.
2. Know your district. Knowing your district shows the difference between a "driver" and a "chauffeur". One is someone who is simply driving the firefighters and apparatus to a scene while the other is knowing the inner circle of the role and making it their livelihood.
3. Drive with a purpose but drive safely. There's no rush to get there, take your time but be alert. Just because there's lights and sirens doesn't mean everyone else will move over or see you. Follow all traffic laws to ensure a safe arrival to the scene and back.
4. Know your hydrant locations or have a good understanding of where they might be. This will help with establishing a water supply quickly. Also, with today's modern technology, a lot of departments have tablets with maps showing hydrant locations. Take a look at them so it isn't a scramble while enroute.
5. Know your place. Proper engine apparatus is vital and should be passed the building leaving room for the first due truck. Also, this helps the officer and firefighters going in to see 3 sides of the structure for size ups and fire attack purposes.
6. When on scene, ensure a secure water supply is properly in place.
7. Ensure cross-lay is fully flaked out of the hose bed or static lay is connected.
8. Monitor the radio for instructions from the engine company officer to charge the line(s)
9. Monitor the radio for all radio traffic. This will help assist the IC should any urgent messages be missed.
10. Secondary eyes. Perform a size up of your own and as conditions change let the IC know. Remember, the IC is one person and can only see so much, as a first due engine this is a way to assist with valuable information to help crews on the fire ground.
11. Monitor the panel. Communicate water and fuel levels to the IC as they change.

It may be a lot of tips but this role calls for a lot of work, effort, knowledge and leadership. Remember, for that call, that shift, that moment, all trust and reliability relies on you. It's your apparatus and the trust is all in you. Get them there safe.

Until next time; work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

About the Author

NICHOLAS J. HIGGINS is a firefighter with 18 years in the fire service in Piscataway, NJ, a NJ State certified level 2 fire instructor, a State of New Jersey Advocate for the National Fallen Firefighter’s Foundation and is the founder/contributor of the Firehouse Tribune website. A martial arts practitioner and former collegiate athlete in baseball, Nick is also a National Exercise & Sports Trainer Association Battle Ropes Instructor, Functional Fitness Instructor and Nutrition Coach. He holds a B.S. in Accounting from Kean University, and a A.A.S in Liberal Arts - Business from Middlesex County College. Nick has spoken at the 2017 & 2018 Firehouse Expo in Nashville, TN as well as at numerous fire departments within NJ and fire service podcasts.

The Engine Company Doorman

As we know each position on the engine company is an integral role to the success or failure of the job at hand. Each role is unique and plays an important part in the grand scheme. Like chess each firefighter is just as important as the other and how they're utilized is most important. In this case, it's the Door Man. A role that isn't spoken about much and like many departments today, is often times combined with the roles of back-up firefighter due to staffing limitations yet the responsibilities are crucial and play large parts during fires.
Here are some quick tips for the door man.

1. Back-up the hydrant firefighter. Ensure the cross-lay is emptied from the bed or assist with the static lay connection.
2. Know your hose estimates. Should the static lay be used, estimate the amount needed before connecting to the engine (better to go more than not enough)
3. If there is a back-up firefighter, assist in flaking out the line from the front to the back-up firefighter.
4. Prevent kinks in line. Choke doors as the line goes through.
5. Eyes on the structure. Monitor fire conditions at the doorway(s) and/or stairwell(s) and report any deteriorating conditions.
6. Next man up. Should the nozzle firefighter need to be relived, it's your job to step up.

There it is, quick tips for an often overlooked position on the fire ground however a role that plays dividends to the success of the fire suppression team.

Until next time; work hard, stay say & live inspired. 

About the Author

NICHOLAS J. HIGGINS is a firefighter with 17 years in the fire service in Piscataway, NJ, a NJ State certified level 2 fire instructor, a State of New Jersey Advocate for the National Fallen Firefighter’s Foundation and is the founder/contributor of the Firehouse Tribune website. A martial arts practitioner and former collegiate athlete in baseball, Nick is also a National Exercise & Sports Trainer Association Battle Ropes Instructor, Functional Fitness Instructor and Nutrition Coach. He holds a B.S. in Accounting from Kean University, and a A.A.S in Liberal Arts - Business from Middlesex County College. Nick has spoken at the 2017 & 2018 Firehouse Expo in Nashville, TN as well as at numerous fire departments within NJ and fire service podcasts.

The Hydrant Firefighter

 As an engine company firefighter, we all want the nozzle. Nothing is more rewarding then going in, attacking the fire and hopefully preventing any fire spread. However, there are many other roles that without them the nozzle firefighter cannot do their job as efficiently putting strain not only on their job but all the other jobs on the fire ground. One job that goes mostly unrecognized but highly important to the effectiveness of the engine company and success of all crews on the fire ground is a strong and valuable Control Man or also known as Hydrant Man. 

The role of the hydrant man isn't exactly the most glorious but probably one of the most crucial next to the engine company driver. The firefighter assigned to the hydrant is tasked with establishing a water supply to the engine. Seems simple right? Well, under normal circumstances this role is relatively easy yet under stressful situations this job can become a bit nerve-racking. If you want to be a proficient hydrant man here are a few steps in doing so.

1. Practice, practice, practice.

2. Don't take this role for granted. Know your tools, know the hydrants in your first due response area and have an understanding for the hydrants in your secondary areas as well should they be different.

3. Before establishing your connection to the hydrant, open the steamer and cap(s) and check for debris inside the hydrant and flush it.

4. For forward lays, secure the supply line to the hydrant and open the hydrant once instructed by the driver.

5. Follow department policies for what type of connection will take place (off the steamer or side connection).

6. Once complete assist in removing kinks from the attack line starting at the apparatus to the front door and assist with hose advancement

7. Should for any reason the backup firefighter need to be relived, assume the role.

Tools:

1. Radio

2. Flashlight

3. Hydrant bag (hydrant wrench, spanner wrench, gated ball value (if part of policy)).

Until next time; work hard, stay safe & live inspired

The Nozzle Firefighter

As a firefighter on the engine, we all want to be "that guy" - the one on the nozzle leading the charge and putting the knock on the fire. However, not everyone can be tasked with this role and should understand that each firefighter on the line has a critical role to the successes of the nozzle firefighter. In general, the firefighter on the nozzle is considered to be the most senior firefighter of the crew during the initial attack and is tasked with numerous responsibilities.

First and foremost, the nozzle firefighter is considered one of the most challenging yet rewarding jobs on the fire ground but it doesn't come without some punishment. This role is exposed to the most heat and fire than any other firefighter so having a solid understanding of fire behavior and fire suppression is vital for this role. Here are some quick tips for the nozzle firefighter.

1. Stretch the first length of hose and nozzle off the engine

2. Prior to making your initial attack, ensure the line is properly flaked out

3. Never forget to bleed the line after it's charged

4. Advance the line in coordination with the engine company officer and the rest of the crew

5. Keep the nozzle out in front. This makes easier motion when hitting the ceiling or sweeping the floor as well as advancement

6. Knock any fire as you advance to the main body of fire

7. Move out of the doorway when entering the fire room. By doing this it'll take some burden off of you as heat and smoke makes its way out

8. Stay low (duck walk, crawl or stay in a crouch position) 

9. Know when, why and how to hydraulic vent and ensure it's in coordination with the truck and IC.

 Please remember, the nozzle firefighter is responsible for not only their own crew but for all crews working inside the structure especially on the floor(s) above the fire so know your job and know it well. Never stop training.

Until next time; work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

About the Author

NICHOLAS J. HIGGINS is a firefighter with 18 years in the fire service in Piscataway, NJ, a NJ State certified level 2 fire instructor, a State of New Jersey Advocate for the National Fallen Firefighter’s Foundation and is the founder/contributor of the Firehouse Tribune website. A martial arts practitioner and former collegiate athlete in baseball, Nick is also a National Exercise & Sports Trainer Association Battle Ropes Instructor, Functional Fitness Instructor and Nutrition Coach.  He holds a B.S. in Accounting from Kean University, and a A.A.S in Liberal Arts - Business from Middlesex County College. Nick has spoken at the 2017 & 2018 Firehouse Expo in Nashville, TN as well as at numerous fire departments within NJ and fire service podcasts.

The Back Up Firefighter

As a firefighter riding in the engine we all want to be on the nozzle, fighting the fire head on, producing a solid fire attack to the fire and getting cheers from our fellow firefighters for a quick solid knock. However, not everyone can always be the nozzle man and get to be face to face with the fire. Sometimes we need to be the backup or the setup man if you will. It's not pretty or glorified but in this line of business someone has to do it and at one point in time many of us get that assignment. The assignments may be cumbersome but a solid, ready to fight backup firefighter is critical to a successful and aggressive interior fire attack.  

As the old saying goes, "the fire goes as the fire line goes" and without an experienced backup firefighter, the advancement, fire suppression and a long day at the office will prevail; not to mention a not too happy nozzle man. 

Here's a few tips every backup firefighter on the line should consider.

   1. Ensure there are no kinks in the line, especially the first 50 feet behind the nozzle. Kinks will be detrimental to a sufficient fire flow and delay hose advancement.
2. Hit the hydrant and establish a water supply to the engine. If there is a short crew, this may be the job of the backup firefighter. Ensure your hydrant skills are efficient and ready to go. Timing is everything.
3. Force the door. If the engine is first on scene, ensure the line is stretched and be prepared to possibly force the door if needed.
4. Search off the line. Perform a primary search if no truck company is in place yet. 
5. If needed, be the second or third set of eyes and ears for the nozzle man. Watch the fire's behavior and carefully monitor conditions in the room and update the nozzle man and officer if there's a sense conditions are deteriorating and a flashover and/or collapse is imminent.

If you're assigned as the backup firefighter get ready before the call comes in (physically/mentally)and ensure all PPE and equipment is ready to go. A successful fire attack is counting on it so get ready and stay ready.

Until next time; work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

About the Author

NICHOLAS J. HIGGINS is a firefighter with 17 years in the fire service in Piscataway, NJ, a NJ State certified level 2 fire instructor, a State of New Jersey Advocate for the National Fallen Firefighter’s Foundation and is the founder/contributor of the Firehouse Tribune website. A martial arts practitioner and former collegiate athlete in baseball, Nick is also a National Exercise & Sports Trainer Association Battle Ropes Instructor, Functional Fitness Instructor and Nutrition Coach.  He holds a B.S. in Accounting from Kean University, and a A.A.S in Liberal Arts - Business from Middlesex County College. Nick has spoken at the 2017 & 2018 Firehouse Expo in Nashville, TN as well as at numerous fire departments within NJ and fire service podcasts.